江苏连云港将军崖旧石器晚期遗址的考古发掘与收获

2002～2006年在连云港将军崖旧石器晚期遗址的发掘,主要收获包括人类石铺生活面1处和可能属于灶坑的遗迹2处,以及1500余件石制品。工具类型以刮削器为主,以小型为主,石片石器和细石器各占一定比例。石器工业早期为华北主工业类型——石片石器工业,晚期以细石器为主。主要文化层的地质年代为晚更新世晚期至全新世早期。     

丹江口库区旧石器时代文化初探——以近年来南水北调中线工程考古新发现为例

近十余年间为配合南水北调中线工程,国内多家考古单位在丹江口库区抢救性发掘并报道了一批旧石器时代考古材料。本文通过对这些材料的石制品属性进行分类统计和系统分析,发现从早更新世晚期较晚阶段至晚更新世晚期,该区域存在“砾石石器工业”“石片石器为主、砾石石器为辅工业”“砾石石器为主、石片石器为辅工业”和“石片石器工业”四类遗存,并在一定程度上指示了人群的迁徙与文化的交流。通过对该区域旧石器文化的分析和比较,对了解南方旧石器文化的发展演变、探讨南北方旧石器文化交流具有重要意义。     

萨拉乌苏河遗址旧石器研究史略及浅议

本文对萨拉乌苏河遗址旧石器考古学研究的历程进行简要的回顾,以史论事,作为旧石器区域考古,无论从石制品类型和技术,或其探源及工业关系的研究,都是向着细化、量化和探索方向发展的,取得了可喜成果。其研究进程大体与中国旧石器考古学发展同步,但研究工作存在区域发展的不平衡。该遗址在时代上有若干次变动,这与中国旧石器文化序列主要建立在以第四纪生物地层学的基础上有关。文中还对相关的几个问题进行了探讨。     

对华北地区旧石器两大文化传统的反思

贾兰坡先生提出华北地区旧石器存在分别以大型石器与小型石器为特征的两大文化传统.本文通过对华北地区主要的旧石器遗址和地点文化特征的总结分析,发现石料的分布和两大文化传统的分布是完全重合的.所以,这种大小石器的分布区域不是文化因素的结果,而是自然资源(石料)分布差异的结果.所谓华北旧石器两大文化传统,是在受到原料制约的情况下自然产生的文化面貌.     

湖北丹江口市连沟旧石器遗址调查

本文对湖北丹江口市连沟遗址Ⅲ、Ⅱ级阶地所发现的 201件石制品进行了详细的介绍, 并对其时代和文化特征进行了初步研究, 得出它们的时代分别为旧石器时代早期和中期, 在文化面貌方面, 其同属于南方砾石石器工业的范畴。该遗址的发现对研究南方砾石器工业的时代以及认识该工业的早、中期遗存之异同具有重要的意义。     

迁安爪村旧石器时代遗址调查研究

爪村遗址是河北省内发掘的第一处旧石器时代遗址,历经多次调查发掘,已成为包含多个地点、自距今5万年前后至2.6万年之间多个文化层的旧石器时代遗址群,对构建燕山南麓旧石器时代晚期的文化序列,探索旧石器时代晚期的人群迁徙、文化交流等具有重要研究价值。2015—2016年,河北省文物研究所、河北大学历史学院、迁安市文化广播电视新闻出版局等单位又对爪村遗址及周围区域开展了系统的旧石器专题调查,不仅明确了既往发现的5801、86019、86020地点的具体位置和现状,还新发现了龙山1号、厅山1号、厅山2号、厅山3号地点,对遗址现状与分布、时代与文化序列、所属石器工业等有了进一步了解,为全面系统认识爪村遗址、加强对遗址的管理和保护、开展后续发掘研究等提供了基础资料。     

日本旧石器遗址的保护

本文就日本旧石器遗址保护的现状与课题做简要介绍。日本对本土旧石器遗址的研究,始于1949年群马县岩宿遗址的发现,与对新石器时代及后来时代(绳文时代、弥生时代、古坟时代)文化遗址的研究相比,历史很短,对其保护也不很充分。2000年1月,日本民间旧石器文化研究组织--东北旧石器文化研究所的副理事长捏造旧石器遗址的问题暴露以后,对日本旧石器遗址的研究和保护产生了多种负面影响。如何克服这一影响,加强对日本旧石器遗址的保护,本文就此谈一点看法。     

湖北丹江口市毛家洼旧石器遗址调查

湖北丹江口市石鼓一带的旧石器遗存非常丰富,在约2平方千米的区域内发现旧石器时代晚期遗址5处,毛家洼是其中之一。该遗址发现于上世纪80年代,后又发现石制品200余件。这批石制品可分为石核、石片、刮削器、砍砸器、尖状器五大类。其原料均为燧石,石核的利用率高,石器的素材多石片,石器中以刮削器为主。     

黑龙江饶河县八五九农场南山旧石器遗址考古调查报告

八五九农场南山遗址位于黑龙江省饶河县八五九农场境内,发现于2019年。共采集石制品142件,包括石核、石片和两面尖状器等。该遗址石制品密度极大,原料单一,器形较大,加工程度低,存在显著的两面打击技术,具有原料产地石器制造场的典型特征。该遗址的发现改变了乌苏里江地区旧石器时代遗存薄弱的状态,为黑龙江地区更新世末期石器工业的原料开采和利用过程研究增添了重要材料。     

驮娘江流域发现的旧石器

进入二十一世纪以来,在旧石器研究的领域,学术界都时刻关注着广西在这方面的工作进展。2005年至2006年,广西文物考古研究所组织相关单位对南宁至百色高速公路工程建设涉及的百色旧石器时代遗址群、洛湛铁路涉及的梧州市木铎冲旧石器时代遗址进行了抢救性考古发掘,成果显著,使其再次成为国内外关注的热点地区。此篇文章是广西的同仁们在2010年结合全国第三次文物普查,对驮娘江流域进行的一次史前文化专题调查的基础上撰写而成的。驮娘江是右江的主要支流之一,在驮娘江流经的田林县,过去曾发现多处石器时代的遗址,并对其中的两处遗址进行了考古发掘,出土了一批旧石器时代的文化遗物。此次专题调查共发现58处史前文化遗址或地点,其中旧石器遗址或地点34处(14处分布在田林县,20处分布在西林县),新石器遗址或地点24处。在这篇文章中,作者从发现的34处旧石器遗址中择其有代表性的18处进行了介绍,并对该流域的旧石器共同特征进行了归纳总结,同时对上、下游旧石器上存在的一些差别也进行了分析,并对产生这些差别的因素作了初步分析。最后通过对遗址断面、文化遗存的内涵以及石器的的制作方法的分析,推测此类遗址的年代为旧石器时代晚期。此次调查发现的旧石器通过...     

The Aterian from the Jebel Gharbi (Libya): New Technological Perspectives from North Africa

The purpose of this work is to examine the Aterian complex in the context of modern human origins through the analysis of the lithic industries from a geographically strategic area, the Jebel Gharbi (Libya). From a chronological point of view, the Aterian fits the time period of the Out of Africa 2 dispersal. During geoarchaeological surveys of the Jebel Gharbi carried out by the Italian–Libyan Archaeological Mission, 25 Aterian sites were found. The technology of the Aterian lithic industries from the Jebel Gharbi shows affinities both with the Aterian industries from Morocco and coeval industries from Egypt such as Taramsa. The affinities between contemporary Libyan Aterian industries, Egyptian industries, and some series from the Levant open new perspectives on the possible models of contact and displacement of human groups in a key period for the history of humankind.     

Beyond Typology: Looking for Processes and Diversity in the Study of Lithic Technology in the Brazilian Amazon

This article describes how the lithic industries of the Amazon have been studied in Brazilian archaeology, and presents a historical record of research in the region. The article then attempts to analyze the reasons for the relative paucity of work on this research theme. The record includes studies of lithic industries related to the presence of pottery-using (ceramist) groups as well as those related to occupation of areas by hunter–gatherers. It points to different factors that have contributed to the type and quantity of information currently available, notably the issues of changing environmental conditions relating to site preservation and visibility that necessarily interface with the disciplinary history of archaeology within the Amazon Basin region. The paper seeks to highlight the issues that have dominated the research field, contextualizing them and redefining them in order to indicate future prospects for work in relation to the lithic industries of the macro-region.     

A radiocarbon chronology for the complete Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transitional sequence of Les Cottés (France)

The Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition is the key period for our understanding of Neanderthal and modern human interactions in Europe. The site of Les Cottés in south-west France is one of the rare sites with a complete and well defined sequence covering this transition period. We undertook an extensive radiocarbon dating program on mammal bone which allows us to propose a chronological framework of five distinct phases dating from the Mousterian to the Early Aurignacian at this site. We found that the Mousterian and Châtelperronian industries are separated from the overlying Protoaurignacian by a gap of approximately 1000 calendar years. Based on a comparison with Upper Paleolithic sites in Europe we see an overlap in the ages of Châtelperronian industries and Aurignacian lithic assemblages, which are usually associated with Anatomical Modern Humans, which is consistent with an acculturation at distance model for these late Neanderthals. The Proto and Early Aurignacian appear contemporaneous indicating that this transition was rapid in this region. Anatomically Modern Humans are present at the site of Les Cottés at least at 39,500 cal BP roughly coincident with the onset of the cold phase Heinrich 4.     

The Paleolithic of Dzungaria (Xinjiang,Northwest China) Based on Materials from the Luotuoshi Site

The paper reports the results of an analysis of surface collections of artifacts made at the Luotuoshi site in Dzungaria, Xinjiang, northwest China. The site was discovered in 2004 by a joint Chinese-Russian-American archaeological expedition. A techno-typological analysis of the artifacts was carried out noting aeolian abrasion of the artifacts’ surfaces. This technocomplex is quite homogenous and is characterized by a combination of Levallois-like and subprismatic blade-based reduction techniques. Analogs of the Luotuoshi assemblage have been identified within the lithic industries of the Altai, the Orkhon-1 and Tolbor-4 sites in Mongolia, and at Shuidonggou in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in China, all of which have been attributed to the Early Upper Paleolithic. Luotuoshi is the first site associated with the blade-based Early Upper Paleolithic discovered in northwest China and its particular features make it possible to correlate this technocomplex with those from southern Siberia and northern Central Asia.     

Finding the message in intricacy: The association of lithics and fauna on Lower Paleolithic Multiple Carcass Sites

This paper examines alternative models for the interpretation of Lower Paleolithic Multiple Carcass Sites based on analysis of the site of Holon, Israel. The nature of the lithic and faunal assemblages found at Holon are most consistent with a palimpsest site that represents repeated occupations of a marsh edge location by both hominids and carnivores, the remains of which have been moderated by natural agencies. It is argued that ambush hunting by hominids was likely to have been one of the activities involved in the accumulation of lithic and faunal remains on the site. A comparison of the lithic assemblage found at Holon with the lithic assemblages from Lower Paleolithic Single Carcass Sites suggest differences between the activities that took place on these sites and the type of activities that took place at Holon.     

Lithic use-wear analysis of the Early Gravettian of Vale Boi (Cape St. Vicente,southern Portugal): insights into human technology and settlement in southwestern Iberia

During the Upper Paleolithic, lithic variability is one of the most important keys to recognize hunter-gatherer behavior, technology, ecology, and social dynamics. The origin and expansion of Gravettian populations in Eurasia has been seen as one of the most critical episodes in human evolution, argued to be the first clear evidence of the so-called polymorphism among modern human populations. In the case of southern Iberian Peninsula, recent data have shown a new regional and diachronic organization for the Gravettian occupation in this region. Therefore, the interpretation of such variability is one of the most important questions, and functional analysis is a fundamental proxy to recognize human technological, settlement and ecological adaptations as major factors for this polymorphism. This study focused on lithic use-wear analysis of the Early Gravettian of Vale Boi (southern Portugal), in order to understand lithic technological organization and variability within and between occupations at the site. Results show similar patterns between assemblages, showing that different materials were worked at the site, although showing reduced time of work, low variability and percentage of pieces used. Unlike other Gravettian contexts in southern Iberia, the Early Gravettian from Vale Boi is characterized by some variability of backed points, marked by the predominance of bipointed double-backed bladelets. Functional analysis of the Early Gravettian lithic industries of Vale Boi provide a new insight to interpret human technology and settlement strategy during the onset of Upper Paleolithic industries in western Eurasia.     

The Upper Paleolithic Assemblages of Shugnou,Tajikistan

Lithic industries from the key strati?ed Upper Paleolithic site at Shugnou, Tajikistan, are described. Results of the technological, typological, and attributive analyses suggest that the industries of all horizons represent a single cultural tradition. Its evolution was marked by a gradual transformation of the microblade technology with the use of carinate techniques. This tradition is paralleled by lithic assemblages from Kulbulak layers 2.1 and 2.2, Kyzyl-Alma-2, and Dodekatym-2, Uzbekistan     

What is on the craftsmen’s menu? Plant consumption at Datrana,a 5000-year-old lithic blade workshop in North Gujarat,India

The exploitation of lithic resources was an important aspect of prehistoric resource exploitation strategies and adaptation. Research has mostly focused on technological and spatial aspects of lithic factory sites, often overlooking how these sites were integrated within local socioecological dynamics in terms of food acquisition and consumption. The aim of this paper is to study plant consumption at Datrana, a 5000-year-old lithic blade workshop in North Gujarat, India, in order to understand its occupants’ subsistence strategies. The results of archaeobotanical, mineralogical and soil pH analyses show that the occupants of this factory site were consuming local crops but not processing them, suggesting that either (a) food was being processed in other areas of the site or (b) it was acquired in a ‘ready-to-consume’ state from local food-producing communities. This study highlights the integration of a lithic factory site within its surrounding cultural and natural landscape, offering an example of how the inhabitants of a workshop interacted with local communities to acquire food resources.     

The Kulbulak Bladelet Tradition in The Upper Paleolithic of Central Asia

The article describes lithic industries of the Upper Paleolithic levels of Kulbulak, Uzbekistan, a key site in southwestern Central Asia based on materials from excavations at several sites in the western and northwestern Pamir– Tien Shan region (Kulbulak, Kyzyl-Alma-2, Dodekatym-2, and Shugnou). A new cultural and technological tradition is introduced, for which the authors suggest the name Kulbulakian. Its distinctive features are the bladelet technique and a microlithic set including backed pieces and triangular microliths. Stages in the evolution of the Kulbulakian tradition are reconstructed: origins, development, peak, and disappearance of the carinated technology. Industries belonging to this tradition have shaped the general appearance of the Upper Paleolithic in the area in question.     

Stone Tool Production of the Longshan Culture at the Liangchengzhen Site in Rizhao of Shandong

The manufacture of stone tools was one of the most important craft production activities in prehistoric human society. Previously, lack of sound evidence had made it too early to confirm whether or not stone tool production during the Longshan cultural period had already transformed from a primitive self-sufficient household mode of production to a specialized mode of production. Excavation of the site of the Longshan cultural site at Liangchengzhen in Rizhao, Shandong from 1998–2001 through meticulous field methods such as sieving and floatation yielded a large number of lithic reduction tools, ranging from grinding stones, stone hammers, and polishing stones to raw materials, semi-finished products, and lithic debitage of various sizes, resulting from the lithic reduction process. This excavation suggests that the Liangchenzhen site was a settlement site where the complete process of lithic reduction was practiced. Through comparison with contemporary large-scale excavated sites of the Longshan culture, it is suggested that the Area 1 at the Liangchengzhen site was a lithic reduction locality with a relatively high degree of specialization which was used for hundreds of years. It is possible that stone tool production had already advanced to a stage of relatively high specialization during the Longshan cultural period in the Haidai region.