试论苗族妇女的婚姻自主权

婚姻自主权是妇女的基本权利之一。苗族妇女的婚姻自主权主要表现在三个方面。一是结婚按照自己的意愿选择丈夫的权利;二是婚姻破裂后离婚的自主权;三是离婚或丈夫死后再婚的自主权。苗族妇女自古以来就崇尚婚姻自主,恋爱自由。但是在苗族妇女中自主婚姻以及父母包办、舅权干预婚姻基本上同时并存,离婚的权利同样如此,再嫁的权利和家族的干预同时并存。本文拟从上述几个方面对苗族妇女婚姻自主权的衍变进行探讨。一、苗核妇女争取婚姻自主权的表现形式在苗族婚姻发展史上,自由恋爱的婚姻出现较早。和人类的其它众多民族一样,苗族在远…     

北朝社会婚姻状况刍议

北朝社会的婚姻状况带有浓厚的母系制的文化习俗。由于少数民族的落后性,其婚俗有门户婚与非门户婚并存,婚姻重财币、流行早婚、再婚及妒嫉成风等特征,并且这种风俗文化具有极为强大的生命力     

民国年间山西农村离婚问题初探

随着社会的发展,民国时期的大中城市中离婚者众多,离婚现象普遍,离婚再婚相对自由。而这一时期的山西农村因其落后状态,离婚问题呈现出不同的现象。笔者通过学习,试图初步分析民国年间山西农村离婚的原因与所遭遇的困难及阻力。     

新疆农村维吾尔族妇女离婚的原因及对策——以尼勒克县苏布台乡为例

维吾尔族离婚率近年来一直居高不下,通过此调查笔者发现尼勒克县苏布台乡维吾尔族离婚现象比较严重;离婚对该地区妇女带来一系列的问题及产生不利的影响。本文主要分析该地区的高离婚率是伊斯兰教文化,民族文化,民族风俗及婚姻制度的演绎,探讨离婚妇女的问题及提出解决对策。     

地方志中所见清代广东妾的形象

清代广东人纳妾现象较为普遍,地方志中记载的大量的守节妇女的身份就是妾。一般认为,妾为富家大族的附属群体,在丈夫去世后是被出或转嫁的,但广东地方志中记载的大量的守节的妾不仅从事多种农业、手工业劳作,还在守寡期间默默地继续承担持家育子的重担,以自己的德行赢得了社会的尊重。     

历代正史《列女传》四类守节事迹考略

二十五史中有数部史书收录<列女传>,且收录人数逐渐增多,事迹类型也多有变化,从中可反映出各个时期社会对于女性的思想道德以及行为规范的基本要求.本文通过对正史<列女传>收录女性四类守节事迹的整理,分析其数量、类型及其变化,并探讨影响古代妇女守节行为的因素.     

民族融合与历史书写:《元史》蒙古列女形象“汉化”问题刍论

一般认为,元代蒙古妇女守节乃是受到汉文化之深刻影响。通过考察《元史》所载蒙古节妇具体事例,并结合同时代蒙古、波斯文献以及外国人游记收录的有关蒙古妇女守节的内容,《元史》所载蒙古妇女守节与其汉文化水平并无直接关系。她们的这些行为是明朝政府出于巩固政权、推行风教等目的,以及受到理学发展之影响,而被加工、重塑后列入《元史》当中以加强文化认同。《元史》有关蒙古列女形象的书写,恰好反映出元明之际多民族交融的历史事实。     

太平天国寡妇再嫁问题辨析--兼论寡妇再嫁不能作为太平天国解放妇女之论据

太平天国允许寡妇改嫁,且付诸一定的社会实践,在客观上对解放妇女起了一定的推动作用。但它只是广西客家妇女、壮族妇女再婚习俗在太平天国内一种理所当然的延续,并与江南民间妇女改嫁现象渐趋合流,使寡妇改嫁在太平天国内得到了地域、文化和心灵上的认同。洪秀全和太平天国实行的仍是封建妇女贞节观,并不是太平天国解放妇女的一大措施。     

公主再婚 光鲜表面下的失意人生

天家之女,靠近权柄,她们拥有离婚、再婚的主动权吗?或者,拥有不离婚、不再婚的权利吗?洛阳皇宫里,一位妇人席地而坐,与皇帝闲聊家常,只是,她看起来兴致并不高。皇帝看了看愁容满面的她,开了一个新话题:“姐姐与朕看看,如今满朝文武谁最优秀?”     

唐代女性的初婚年龄

唐代女性初婚年龄集中在14~19岁,15岁出嫁者人数最多。早婚现象多在唐中期以前,后期比例相当小。在唐朝前中后三期中女子的初婚年龄略有上升,这与唐中后期女性晚婚比例上升趋势相一致。唐中后期的晚婚现象应与政治、经济、战乱、门第、家庭变故以及自身体质等诸多因素有关。     

Keystone of the patriarchal family? Indissoluble marriage,masculinity and divorce in Liberal Italy

While divorce laws were introduced in most of western Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century, the majority of Italian statesmen exhibited strong reluctance to take such a measure on the occasions it was proposed by a number of progressive parliamentarians between unification and 1920. This essay examines the debates over whether or not to introduce a divorce law during Italy's Liberal period, arguing that many Italians saw indissoluble marriage as a way of protecting the ‘natural’ gender order against the corruptive tendencies of modernity seen elsewhere, particularly in France. Much rhetoric was expended on the notion that marriage protected Italian women in particular, but a divorce law would also have righted the radical asymmetries of power that lay at the heart of the Italian marriage contract. These were asymmetries that gave the husband distinct privileges and helped to construct masculine identity. For that reason, the maintenance of marriage as a contract only dissoluble by death can be read as a determination to protect traditional notions of masculinity.     

Decomposing the crude divorce rate in five countries: Singapore,Taiwan, South Korea,the UK,and Australia

Over the past few decades, the level of divorce, measured by the crude divorce rate (CDR), has increased dramatically in both the East and the West, but has recently appeared to fall or level off in some countries. To investigate whether the recent decline or stabilisation of the CDRs reflects the real trends in divorce risk, a decomposition analysis was conducted on the changes in the CDRs over the past 20 years on two western and three East Asian countries, namely, the UK, Australia, Taiwan, South Korea, and Singapore. The following is observed: the decline in the CDRs of the UK and Australia in the 1990s, and of Taiwan and Korea in the 2000s, was mainly due to shrinkage in the proportion of the married population rather than any reduction in divorce risk; only Australia experienced a genuine reduction in divorce risk between 2001 and 2011; and the continuous increase of Singapore’s divorce level between 1990 and 2010 may be is an unintentional effect of the government’s marriage promotion policies. The shift in the population age structure, and more importantly, the drastic decline in marriage, has seriously distorted the CDRs, making them unreliable indicators for monitoring divorce trends.     

国际移民与婚姻挤压——以战后四邑侨乡为例的探讨

论文从战后四邑侨乡社会婚姻挤压的形成、战后四邑侨乡社会婚姻挤压下的社会调适等方面,对战后四邑侨乡社会重建问题进行研究。认为战后四邑侨乡社会的婚姻挤压是特殊历史时期各种社会经济因素相互影响、共同作用的结果;战争时期的兵燹、饥荒、瘟疫疾病、侨汇中断与国际移民网络丧失等一系列突发性的历史事件及其所带来的社会影响,造成了侨乡社会人口性别年龄结构的急剧变动;战后时期,美、加等国移民新政扫除了侨乡社会向海外华人社会跨国婚姻自由迁移的政策障碍;中外交通的恢复、国际移民网络的重建、巨量侨汇的涌入与华侨残破家庭的重建等社会经济因素的叠加,进一步加剧了婚姻市场的挤压程度。面对日益严峻的婚姻挤压问题,四邑侨乡社会在普通民众追求个人生活幸福的理性选择基础之上,形成了一些新的社会文化规范,衍生出一系列应对婚姻挤压效应的社会机制。     

从离婚权的演变透视中世纪欧洲犹太妇女的婚姻地位

犹太教允许离婚.在<圣经>时代,犹太男子可以随心所欲地休妻,犹太妇女没有任何话语权.到了<塔木德>时代,犹太社会尽管对男子的单方面休妻权利有所限制,但是并没有从根本上改变婚姻的男权制结构,犹太妇女在离婚问题上依然处于完全被动的地位.这种局面在中世纪的欧洲有了质的改变,而且,这种改变通过犹太社团最具权威的"市集大会"颁布的法规条例而不断地强化,从而使得犹太妇女的婚姻地位在附属中有了改善.     

20世纪初英国的社会改革及其影响

20世纪初,在英国自由党的支持和推动下,英国政府进行了一系列旨在减少贫困、缓解矛盾的社会改革,推出了养老金条例和国民保险法案,调节了社会各阶层之间的关系,打下了社会保障的基础,从而对20世纪英国社会的发展产生了深远的影响.     

An elasticity analysis of the effectiveness of pronatalist measures in Taiwan

The total fertility rate (TFR) of Taiwan has remained below the replacement level 2.1 for past thirty years. Currently, 16 of its 22 counties and cities have TFRs below 1.3, with TFRs in middle and southern Taiwan even below 1. In the recent decade, various pronatalist policies have been adopted in Taiwan to cope with the low fertility issue. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these policies. In order to identify the group(s) of women that should be targeted to increase the TFR effectively, we have constructed a stochastic model to perform an elasticity analysis. The results show that changes in marriage rates among women aged 25–29 years would have the largest impact on the TFR, with an elasticity value of 0.32. This means that every 1 per cent increase in the marriage rate of women aged 25–29 may increase the TFR by about 0.32 per cent (i.e. an increase of about 2.6 children per 1000 women). The TFR is also very sensitive in responding to changes in the marriage rate and parity-1 fertility rate of 30–34-year-old women, with elasticities of 0.19 and 0.16 respectively. The divorce rate has a small but negative impact on the TFR. Also, the possible contribution of third- and higher-order births is insignificant. These findings suggest that policies aimed at increasing the marriage rate among women in their late twenties and early thirties, and supporting first births of women in their early thirties, are likely to raise Taiwan’s fertility rate effectively.     

东周楚国联姻考述

楚国与其它诸侯国的联姻是楚国政治生活的重要方面,不仅反映了楚国与各国之间的关系变化,同时也有助于了解东周时期复杂的国际关系。楚国联姻与其国策密切相关,春秋早期为求发展多与周边小国如郧、邓等进行联姻,春秋中晚期至战国初期,争霸使其与其它大国如秦、晋等联姻频繁,战国中晚期楚国由盛而衰,联姻已失去其政治意义。由于文化差异及地理位置关系,楚国无固定的联姻国,与东周王室也无联姻关系。本文结合文献及青铜器铭文,对春秋战国两个时期联姻情况进行考证,并对楚国联姻特点进行了简要论述。     

‘NOBLESSE DE ROBE’ IN A CLASSLESS SOCIETY

This article deals with the effect of ownership and control of land on women's remarriages in early modern Western Norway. Marrying a tenant widow gave her new husband the right to tenure. On freeholder farms the eldest son, according to Norwegian odelsrett and åseterett, had the right to inherit the farm. When land-seeking youngsters obtained tenure by marrying tenant widows, these widows became highly attractive marriage partners, in contrast to widows of freeholder peasants where no secure position could be obtained for the new husband. Legal succession rights thus highly restricted the decisions of freeholder peasants' widows. Tenant widows had a wider range of choices closely linked to their control over land and land transfer. They were not mere passive marriage objects. In an open tenant land market widows could choose between running their farm by hired labour or with assistance from their children, they could remarry and thus acquire male labour in their household or they might benefit from giving up their tenure. Their decisions to a considerable degree influenced succession patterns on Norwegian tenant farms in the early modern period.     

20世纪80年代的婚姻法律与婚姻家庭变迁

颁布于中国全面改革开放起步时期的1980年《婚姻法》,反映了国家在婚姻家庭领域的法制重建以及社会转型带来的家庭婚姻制度的变化。在社会上引起较大反响的主要有三个方面:第一,明确了夫妻财产制,人们的个人财产权利意识增强;第二,实行计划生育政策,但由于重男轻女思想的影响,使性别选择问题更突出地表现出来;第三,明确把感情破裂作为离婚的条件,但“感情破裂”的衡量标准很难掌握,司法部门在处理离婚案件时仍有很大困难。总之,1980年《婚姻法》是一部承前启后的法律,它既是对1950年《婚姻法》的继承与发展,又通过20年的司法实践,为2001年《婚姻法》的修正案的制定作了法律上的铺垫。     

中世纪晚期和近代早期欧洲的寡妇改嫁

在中世纪晚期和近代早期的欧洲 ,寡妇较多 ,她们改嫁的比率较高 ,再嫁者守寡时间较短。历史事实表明 ,寡妇对于是否改嫁的选择 ,不仅仅是个人行为 ,而且受客观条件的制约。当时欧洲较为开放的文化和舆论氛围 ,寡妇自身的财产和处置财产的权利 ,为她们改嫁提供了可能。而传统时代的经济体制和现实生活的艰辛也要求她们重组家庭。