China释义新探

外人称中国曰“Ｃｈｉｎａ”，含义若何？历来有不同见解。笔者试以一孔之见，提出一种观点，愿求教于识者。一、前人对Ｃｈｉｎａ一词的解释关于Ｃｈｉｎａ一词的由来，最流行的说法以为与“秦”有关。秦始皇统一六国，威名远扬，因此外人即称中国曰“秦”。Ｃｈｉｎａ中的“Ｃｈｉ”，即“秦”的对音。另一流行说法，认为其义出“瓷器”。中国瓷器四海扬名，英语中干脆明白将瓷器称为Ｃｈｉｎａ，即可作为佐证。又，中国瓷都景德镇在北宋真宗前，曾名昌南镇。有人以为昌南发音与Ｃｈｉｎａ近似，亦视为一个证据。除上述两种流行说法，还有…     

Assessing China’s response to the South China Sea arbitration ruling

Many international legal experts believe that the Philippines v. China arbitration award of 12 July 2016 represents a game changer for South China Sea dispute settlements because the award has brought a breathtaking legal clarity to the complex disputes. This article argues that the sweeping nature of the award had a very paradoxical effect on Chinese policy. The arbitration ruling has led to the hardening of China’s claims, but it has also raised a new readiness among Chinese policymakers to renew negotiations. The sweepingness of the award makes it hard for the Philippines to reach a negotiated compromise with China on the basis of the award, but it also presents a surprising political opportunity in regional politics for the major actors involved to lower tensions and recalibrate policies. Although China’s new readiness to negotiate is welcome, the overall impact of the three-and-a-half-year-long arbitration is likely to create a deadlock in negotiations in the near future. Paradoxically, this may raise the importance of political and power-centred approaches to regional dispute settlements, as the legal approach embodied by arbitration continues to meet Chinese defiance.     

The National Relics Institute of China

TheNationalRelicsInstituteisafirst-gradenationalresearchunitwhichisdirectedbytheNationalRelicsBureau.Itwasfoundedin1990bycolnbinationoftheoriginalRelicsConservationInstituteandtheAncientDocumentResearchDepartment.Theresearchscopeandmaintasksoftheinstitute…     

Is China a responsible stakeholder?

Whether China is a responsible stakeholder is evaluated from employing three sets of standards: normative, ‘aspirational’ standards (i.e. those that make a good community member and an upstanding citizen); rational choice (is China acting in line with shared or complementary self‐interest?); and power analysis (whether China is upsetting an established world order or contributing to the formation of a new one?). In the process, this article examines both China and the standards themselves.     

Tanzania Says Tibet Is Part of China

TanzanianMinisterofForeignAffairsandinternationalCooperationrecentlysaidthatTanzaniaopposesanyplottosplitChina."WeopposetheDalaiLama'sefforttoseparateTibetfromChina,"hesaid,addingthatTanzaniafullyunderstandstheChineseGovernment'sstandintheTibetanissue.Tanzania Says Tibet Is Part of China…     

Austro–Hungarian refugee soldiers in China

ABSTRACT

This paper deals with the problem of the Austro–Hungarian prisoners of war in World War I who were captured by the Russian Army and who then escaped from Siberian detention camps and ultimately found asylum in China. The Tianjin German Relief Fund (Tientsin Hilfsaktion) was a leading nongovernmental charitable organization that provided aid for these captives and refugees. It operated successfully in China until that country’s decision to join the war on the side of the Allied Powers forced the organization to close. A local network of German and Austro–Hungarian civilian middlemen also helped the refugee soldiers passing through, and the Chinese authorities set up camps in Manchuria for these soldiers, where they were interned until their repatriation after the war. This paper also introduces some individual cases to show how certain Austro–Hungarian POWs attempted to deal with their life in China. The author argues that China had a role and agency in World War I, that the refugee soldier question was the last episode of the nineteenth-century-style Concert of Europe, and that the POWs had a role and agency in shaping their own destinies.     

Tribal diplomacy and frontier territoriality in modern China: Hunza and Nationalist China, 1947–1948

In the immediate post-World War II period, the Chinese Nationalist regime was eager to consolidate its position and formulate a proactive policy toward China's traditional Central Asian peripheries. Postwar Nationalist China's momentary confidence in extending central influence into the Pamir and Kashmir regions can be understood in such a geopolitical context. The withdrawal of British colonial rule in India further increased Nanjing's optimism about bringing Hunza, a Muslim tribal state in northwest Kashmir, under its territorial and administrative sway. To prevent possible infiltration of Soviet influence in Central Asia, the Nationalists at one point even considered resorting to the restoration of imperial “tributary ties” as a political expedient in their dealings with postwar China's frontier territorial issues. A careful examination of the Nationalists' previously unknown abortive attempt to reclaim Hunza enables us to fill an important scholarly lacuna in the history of modern China's external relations with its South and Central Asian neighbors. This reevaluation, moreover, may also lead us to further reconsider modern China's intriguing and complicated frontier diplomatic and territorial scenario, as well as how that scenario could have been manipulated by a certain group of ambitious distant Nationalist border officials during the course of postwar China's problematic frontier undertakings.     

中国英文名China源于大秦帝国?

正《关于中国英文名China由来的四大说法》"China源于Cina,Cina源于秦"的观点最早于1665年由耶稣会士卫匡国提出,后经德国学者劳费尔和法国学者伯希和论证,逐渐成为主流。根据他们的研究,在公元前2世纪以前,秦国败义渠(今甘肃、陕西和宁夏一带),吞巴蜀,称霸西戎,又因位于华夏民族西出要冲,与印度在西南缅甸发生贸易关系,秦的名号由此传至印     

Tourism in China＇s Buddhist Temples

In recent years along with the improvement of the livelihoods of Chinese people and the public needs in cultural life, a religious cultural tourism is booming in China. In order to meet the tourist demand, this book is designed as a guide book to introduce 211 famous Buddhist monasteries and temples in various places of China representing different Buddhist sects including Han-Chinese, Tibetan and Southern Buddhism with their rich cultural and historical resources, characteristics of architecture and famous personages.     

Interview With WB Chief Representative in China

SomeWesternmassmediaaccusedtheChineseGovernmentofreducingtheTibetanpopulationfinQinghaiandruiningtheTibetanculturebecauseitismovingpeopleinpovertv-strickenareatoareawithfavorableconditions.WhenthenewsreachedChina,theCCTVreportersinterviewedWorldBankChiefRepresentativeinthePeople'sRepublicofChina.QUESTION:Whenyoufirstputforththispro-gram,doyouexpecttoencounterobjections?ANSWER:No.Itisoutofourexpectation.WehavebeenmakingeffortstowardthisendwiththeChineseGovernmentfortwosuccessiveye…     

China in Fiji: displacing traditional players?

A widely held perception in Oceania is that China has taken the opportunity of Western sanctions against Fiji's military-led regime to expand its influence in Fiji. Observers and media in the region were alarmed by the sudden increase of China's pledged aid to Fiji shortly after the 2006 military takeover. They are concerned that China has a well-calculated strategy of displacing traditional Western players in Fiji, most notably Australia and New Zealand. Such concern is not well founded. While China does have multiple interests, including strategic interests, in Fiji, there is no clear evidence to suggest that China aims to displace the traditional players there. China's growing influence in Fiji is part of China's global rise. Both Australia and New Zealand are committed to Fiji and the South Pacific as a whole. Given its substantial interests in Australia and New Zealand, it is not in China's interest to increase its influence in Fiji at the cost of its relations with these two traditional players.     

William Alexander’s Image of Qing China

William Alexander was the official draughtsman of the Macartney Embassy. His pictures of China covered a wide range of themes. Each theme represented a certain purpose. Landscapes, architectural drawings, and portraits constituted the majority of the drawings, which reveal the Embassy’s enthusiasm for obtaining visual knowledge of a variety of aspects in the society of China. The drawings of still life, costume, native species, and religious ceremony occupied the remainder, and provided the audience with a more intricate impression of China. In comparison with other European and some earlier generation artists’ works, Alexander’s pictures convey a peculiar British idea of China at the time, and hint at the potential crisis between the two countries.     

China＇s Tibet Magazine Awarded by ASLSCC

On 26^th Feb.2009,China＇s Tibet magazine and other Chinese media were invited to sit in on the felicitation ceremony organized by Association for Sri Lanka China Social ＆ Cultural Cooperation（ASLSCC） to celebrale 30^th Anniversary of Reform ＆ Opening Policy in China. These media were awarded by ASLSCC for their service and introducing reform and opening policy of China to Sri Lanka.     

Tibet natural conservation areas rank first in China

According to statistics conducted by the Environment Bureau of T.A.R,Tibet has established 7 differentconservation areas at national level,8 at provincial level,and 23 at sub-provincial level.The total conservationarea reaches to 407,000 sq km,.This number accounts for one third oft A.R,and ranks number one in China.Mr.Liu Wulin,an expert on wild propagation says:Tibet has maintained biologic diversities by means ofestablishing natural conservation areas at different levels.The amount of some valuable and rare wild animalsbegins to increase,such as Tibetan antelope,Tibetan kiang,argal,dian golden monkey and black-necked crane.Especially Bengalese tigers,which have disappeared for years,now appear in virgin forest in Metok county again.     

China Action to Help Cataract Suffers Regain Eyesight

BLINDPEOPLEINCHINAChinahasmoreblindpeoplethananyothercountryintheworldtoday.And,of1millionblindpeople,some4millionwerevictimsofcataracts.TheCentralGovernmentpayshighattentiontopreventionandtreatmentofcataracts.Some2.1millionrelatedsurgicaloperationswereperformedfrom1988to1997.StatemedicalteamswereorganizedtogotoTibetforthesamepurpose,beginninginAugust1997.TheInternationalLionsClubisacharityorganizationsetupin1917.Ithas44,000branchesin185countriesandterritories.Since1990,ithasraised…     

15-Year Chronicle of China＇s Tibet

The year 2004 marks the 15^th birthday of our magazine. In that time,we have worked for the goal of showing our readers throughout the world the real Tibet. During the period, we have published 212 issues (Chinese, Tibetan and English editions), containing stories running to hundreds of thousands of words and thousands of photographs. They have told of the