20世纪30年代城市居民的疾病与死亡——以南京、北平、广州为中心

本文根据国民政府主计处统计局编印的《统计期讯—卫生》,围绕着死亡疾病类型和死亡者的身份属性、职业背景以及生理年龄,考察20世纪30年代的南京、北平和广州城市居民的疾病与死亡问题。文章认为从死亡疾病分析,20世纪30年代南京、北平和广州居民的死亡疾病涉及到传染性疾病、消化系统、呼吸系统、心脏系统以及神经系统等诸种疾病,其中一些非传染性疾病或者非法定传染性疾病的威胁较大。从死亡年龄与职业分析,南京、广州和北平三地居民死亡年龄分布情况虽然存在地域性差异,但是死亡年龄主要集中在0—1岁、1—4岁、40—60岁和60岁以上的年龄段,不同年龄段所染患疾病也表现出一定年龄特征;职业差异对城市居民健康的影响也不容忽视。文章认为,这些事实逻辑实际上是提醒我们要谨慎对待目前这一领域的某些认识规范。     

Orderic Vitalis and the First Crusade

This article examines the narrative of the First Crusade written by the Norman monk and historian Orderic Vitalis, which spans Book IX of his Historia ecclesiastica. Though hitherto little-studied, Orderic's account of the First Crusade, which was probably written in 1135, occupies an important place in the Historia and reveals much about his wider historical method. The significance of Orderic's editorial interaction with Baldric of Bourgueil's Historia Ierosolimitana, through the omission and addition of material, forms the focus of the study. By making only a small number of insertions into the story of the First Crusade which he had inherited from Baldric, Orderic transformed its meaning so that it became suitable for incorporation into the Historia as a whole, linking the First Crusade to the history of his monastery, Saint-Evroult.     

Hwaetberht,Sicgfrith and the reforming of Wearmouth and Jarrow

This paper builds upon recent scholarship, exploring how Wearmouth‐Jarrow, founded as a ‘family monastery’ in the mainstream of early medieval Northumbrian monasticism, reformed itself to become the proto‐Benedictine bastion of correct behaviour described in Bede's Lives of the Abbots and the anonymous Life of Ceolfrith. The understudied abbots Hwaetberht and Sicgfrith appear to be at the heart of this process. Their careers and actions suggest the existence of a party at Wearmouth‐Jarrow opposed to the dominance of the founder's kin group and wishing to reform the monastery on Benedictine lines. This party triumphed only in 716, when Hwaetberht became abbot.     

A Rejection of the Aramaic Origin of the Chinese Word for Monastery

Christopher Beckwith has recently devoted two publications concerning the origin of the word for “monastery” in East Asia. The proposed Aramaic origin has met with criticism from two eminent authorities, Laurent Sagart and Alexander Vovin. While the present article is not interested in the debate per se, here renamed the “Beckwith Controversy,” it is important to discuss in more detail Beckwith’s view about the Chinese word si 寺 (monastery), its origin, and its reconstruction. It is concluded that, although very imaginative in its conclusions, Beckwith’s argument is methodologically opaque and, therefore, should be definitely abandoned in favour of more plausible solutions.     

Auctions as Multifunctional Systems in the Rhine Valley,Germany, in the Nineteenth Century

Races of Africa. By C. G. Seligman. [Home University Library, No. 144.] Thornton Butterworth, 1930. 6½" x 4", Pp. 256. Maps. 3s. 6d.     

Geography at the exhibition of Scottish educational work for Paris exposition, 1900

EUROPE.

Scotland: The Ancient Kingdom. By Donald A. Mackenzie. London: Blackie and Son Ltd., 1930. Price 15s.

The Arrow of Glenlyon: The Life of Alasdair Macgregor of Glenstrae. By A. A. W. Ramsay, M.A., Phil.D. London: John Murray, 1930. Price 6s.

Hill Birds of Scotland. By Seton Gordon, F.Z.S., M.B.O.U. London: Edward Arnold and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 7s. 6d.

Let's See the Lowlands. By A. A. Thomson. London: Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1930. Price 7s. 6d.

Holidays in Sweden. By J. B. Philip, M.A. London: Skeffington and Son Ltd. Price 6s.

Green Fields of England: a Booh of Footpath Travels. By Clare Cameron. With nine drawings in pencil by Edmond L. Warre. London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 12s. 6d.

Tyrol under the Axe of Italian Fascism. By Dr. Eduard Reut‐Nicolussi. Translated by K. L. Montgomery. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1930. Price 12s. 6d.

Paris. By Moma Clarke. London: The Medici Society, n.d. Price 7s. 6d.

The Country round Paris. By Edmond Pilon. London: The Medici Society, n.d. Price 7s. 6d.

A Guide to French Fêtes. By E. I. Robson. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 7s. 6d.

Down the Tiber and Up to Rome. By H. D. Eberlein, G. J. Marks, and F. A. Wallis. London: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1930. Price 15s.

Across Iceland: The Land of Frost and Fire. By Olive Murray Chapman. London: John Lane (The Bodley Head Ltd.), 1930. Price 15s.

The Balkan Road. By Archibald Lyall. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 12s. 6d.

Corsica the Beautiful. By Major A. Radclyffe Dugmore, F.R.G.S. London: Hurst and Blackett, n.d. Price 18s.

ASIA.

Moscow Unmasked. By Joseph Douillet. London: The Pilot Press, 1930. Price 8s. 6d.

Red Star in Samarkand. By Anna Louise Strong. London: Williams and Norgate Ltd., 1930. Price 15s.

Plant Collecting on the Edge of the World. By F. Kingdon Ward. London: Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1930. Price 21s.

Four Months’ Camping in the Himalayas. By Dr. W. G. N. Van Der Sleen. Translated by M. W. Hoper. London: Philip Allan and Co. Ltd., 1929. Price 21s.

Arabian Peak and Desert: Travels in Al‐Yaman. By Ameen Rihani. London: Constable and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 21s.

Arabia. By H. St. J. B. Philby. London: Ernest Benn Ltd., 1930. Price 18s.

The Lands of the Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur. By G. Le Strange. Cambridge: University Press, 1930. Price 21s.

Crusader's Coast. By Edward Thompson. London: Ernest Benn Ltd., 1929. Price 10s. 6d. net.

Turkey and Syria Reborn. By Harold Armstrong. London: John Lane (The Bodley Head Ltd.), 1930. Price 15s. net.

The Assyrians and their Neighbours. By the Rev. W. A. Wigram. London: G. Bell and Sons Ltd., 1929. Price 15s. net.

AFRICA.

Mysterious Sahara. By Count Byron Khun de Prorok, F.R.G.S. London: John Murray, 1930. Price 21s. net.

Sudan Sand: Filming the Baggara Tribes. By Stella Court Treatt, F.R.G.S. London: George Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 15s. net.

AMERICA.

In the Shadow of the Rockies. By C. M. MacInnes, M.A. London: Rivington and Co., 1930. Price 18s.

Amazon and Andes. By Kenneth G. Grubb. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 18s.

South America. By Clarence F. Jones. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1930. Price $6.

Jorullo: The History of the Volcano of Jorullo and the Reclamation of the Devastated District by Plants and Animals. By Hans Gadow, F.R.S. London: Cambridge University Press, 1930. Price 7s. 6d.

AUSTRALASIA.

Isles of Adventure. By Beatrice Grimshaw. London: Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1930. Price 15s. net.

OCEANIA.

The Pacific Basin. By Gordon L. Wood. Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1930. Price 10s.

GENERAL.

The Ancient Explorers. By M. Caey, D.Litt., and E. H. Warmington, M.A. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 12s. 6d.

The Long Trek. By Richard L. Sutton. London: Henry Kimpton, 1930. Price 21s.

Wind and Water. By Manfred Curry. London: Country Life Ltd., 1930. Price 25s.

A Vagabond Journey round the World. By Harry A. Franck. New York: The Century Company. Price $4.

Tinker, Tailor_____: Being an Account of a Journey round the World for a Wager. By “Greenhorn.” London: John Lane (The Bodley Head Ltd.), 1930. Price 8s. 6d.

The Voyages of the Cabots and the English Discoveries of North America under Henry VII. and Henry VIII. By James A. Williamson, D.Litt. Illustrated with thirteen Maps. London: The Argonaut Press, 1929. Price 38s.

EDUCATIONAL.

The Geographical Interpretation of Topographical Maps, including an Atlas separately bound. By Alice Garnett, B.A. London: George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1930. Price 7s. 6d. ‐Atlas 5s.     

A saint,an abbot,his documents and her property: power,reform and landholding in the monastery of Homblières under Abbot Berner (949–82)

The monastery of Homblières, after 949, when it was turned from a community of nuns into a reformed Benedictine monastery under the rule of Abbot Berner, left a surprisingly large amount of tenth-century written material, producing both a Vita and a Translatio of Homblières’ patron saint Hunegund, as well as a large collection of charters. These documents allow us crucial insights into how a small monastery managed its possessions and its connections to patrons. This trail permits a closer view of strategies of landholding than can be had with many West Frankish monasteries. This article argues that the community at Homblières acted over several decades to consolidate its lands in specific locations. By producing such extensive documentation of his activities, Berner both solicited further donations for his monastery and protected its existing patrimony from potential threats.     

Billy Beg,Tom Beg,and the Fairies

ARTISTS IN STRING. String Figures : Their Regional Distribution and Social Significance. By KATHLEEN HADDON, (Mrs. O. H. T. RISHBETH). Foreword by Prof. J. L. Myres. Methucn and Co., 1930. 7?″ x 4¾″. Pp. x + 174. With 82 diagrams. 6s. Reviewed by R. M. Dawkins.

HANDWÖRTERBUCH DES DEUTSCHEK ABERGLAUBENS. Herausgegeben unter besonderer Mitwirkung von E. HOFFMANN-KRAYER und Mitarbcit zahlreicher Fachgenossen von HANS BÄCHTOLD-STAUBLI. Band III. Berlin and Leipzig: Walter de Gruyter &; Co., 1930–1. 10?″ x 7″. 1920 columns. 61 Mks. Reviewed by M. Gaster.

RECOLLECTIONS. By ION CREANG?. Trans, by LUCY BYNG. With a pref. by MARCU BEZA. J. M. Dent and Sons, 1930. Pp. 255. 7s. 6d. Reviewed by M. Gaster.

CONTES POPULAIRES D E ROUMANIE. By ION CREANG?. Paris : Maisonneuve frères, 1931. Vol. i. 9½″ x 5½″. Pp. 245. Reviewed by M. Gaster.

KIOWA TALES. By ELSIE CLEWS PARSONS. (Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, vol. xxii). New York: G. E. Stechert &; Co., 1929. 9½″ x 6¼″. Pp. xxii + 152. (V. geneal. charts), n.p. Reviewed by Barbara Aitken.

FOLK ARTS. Reviewed by A. R. Wright.     

The pentiti of the Sicilian mafia in the 1930s

Mussolini had declared that Fascism, through the anti-mafia campaign entrusted to Cesare Mori, prefect of Palermo, in the second half of the 1920s, had conclusively liberated Sicily from the mafia. However, from the early 1930s a new deterioration of public order on the island was evident, and the regime was forced to launch a second, and much less publicised, repression of this phenomenon. In the course of its careful investigations the body given responsibility for pursuing this repression, the Ispettorato Generale di Pubblica Sicurezza per la Sicilia, compiled a series of reports, including the Processo verbale di denunzia relating to the area around Palermo. With a level of detail never seen before, these reports described the structure, organisation and dynamics of mafia groups. This was possible because police officers had available members of the mafia groups themselves – genuine pentiti – who had decided to make disclosures to the authorities.     

The Regional History of the Guan River Valley,China: Cultural Periphery,Ecological Diversity,and the Development of Social Complexity before A.D. 220

Regional settlement pattern studies in China have overlooked interregional interaction in the development of social complexity. This study examines settlement patterns, land use practices, sociopolitical structure, and interregional interaction from 4000 b.c. to the early Imperial period (before a.d. 221) in the Guan River valley, China. The Guan valley is located at the inter-montane corridor to three cultural core zones in China. An international collaborative team used regional full-coverage survey to locate 96 sites in 135?km² in the Middle Guan valley, the earliest of which dated to the middle Yangshao period (4000–3500 b.c.). In the late Yangshao period (3500–2900 b.c.), occupation increased rapidly and expanded to the upper reach and tributaries of the river. After an occupational collapse during the Early States period (1900–771 b.c.), the population recovered rapidly and reached a new level of organizational complexity in the Eastern Zhou period (770–221 b.c.). This pattern continued into the Qin-Han period (220 b.c.–a.d. 220), when hamlets increased in number and expanded into hilly areas.     

Sovetskaya Arktika journal as a source for the history of the Northern Sea Route

This paper is about reading and using the Soviet texts published in the 1930s on the Northern sea route (NSR) and the Arctic in general. The history of the NSR exploration and exploitation and its current potential as a round-the-year transportation waterway connecting the Pacific and the Atlantic is outlined. Specific features of the 1930s’ sources for the study of the NSR are explored using the example of the journal Sovetskaya Arktika (The Soviet Arctic), published between 1935 and 1941. The representation of the Northern Sea Route in this journal is described from two perspectives: what was presented (and what wasn't) and how it was presented. Special characteristics of the language used are considered to be interesting examples of the Soviet version of “totalitarian language” (newspeak, langue de bois). Historical sources written in this kind of language require special skills and special caution to read, interpret, and use.     

Monks and Local Communities: The Late-medieval Landscape of Troed y Rhiw,Caron Uwch Clawdd,Ceredigion

Abstract

In a zone of improved upland pasture some 2 km east of the Cistercian monastery of Strata Florida (Ystrad Fflur), Ceredigion, are the earthwork remains of a 'sheepcote' and four abandoned medieval farms, one probably originating as a monastic sheep-handling station. Documentary evidence and field observation suggest that these farms have preserved their late-medieval forms in a relatively unmodified state. Three were apparently situated along a contemporary ffridd boundary (head dyke) that separated a zone of pasture and perhaps arable land from mountain pasture. We cannot establish the relationship between the 'sheepcote' and the 'farms' through field observation alone, nor do we know the absolute age of the ffridd boundary. Our paper describes and briefly discusses the character and local context of the area defined by the latter. The pattern of land-use is comparable to that in Swaledale (North Yorkshire), an area that has been discussed on the one hand in terms of patterns of townships (hamlets) and their land-use zones, and on the other in terms of monastic enterprise and the identification of 'vaccaries'. In the study of 'monastic landscapes', we risk becoming preoccupied with estate economies and the identification of 'tool-kits', at the expense of dealing with the complexity of relationships between monasteries and local communities.     

St Anselm of Canterbury: the philosopher-saint as politician

From the beginning of Anselm's career as abbot of Bec he was a shrewd and skilful politician. Eadmer describes him as using a certain ‘holy guile’, having great psychological insight, and using methods of kindly persuasion supplemented by logical argument to gain his ends.This pattern is reflected in the church-state controversies in England. Anselm outlined this method to his successor at Bec, showing him an effective way of advancing and enriching his monastery.Anselm had a definite program of reform for the English church. From the beginning he had a vision of the archbishop of Canterbury as primate of Britain, a co-ruler of the kingdom. Anselm also claimed certain specific rights: to recognize and contact the papacy; to hold councils for the reform of the church; to receive the archbishopric free from simony; to hold the lands of Canterbury free from the king's control or from extraordinary taxes; and to ban lay investitute.During his rule Anselm accomplished all these goals, one by one, by taking advantage of times when the kings were faced with political crises and pressing his claims just then. He acted shrewdly, at times with ‘holy guile’, at times with skilful negotiation, but always aware of the potent effect of public opinion. Thus Anselm reflected the growing concept of raison d'état in the Anglo Norman state, and thereby used his raison d'église more effectively.     

Rewriting the founder: Werden on the Ruhr and the uses of hagiography

The rich hagiographical corpus, charters and privileges of the monastery of Werden on the Ruhr allow unparalleled access to its ninth-century history. This article focuses upon three ninth-century vitae of its founding saint which delineate both the transformations which Werden underwent in the course of the century and the ways in which the monastery attempted to respond and adapt to these changes. In so doing, it illuminates the role that saintly relics and hagiography could play in the formation of Christian communities both within and beyond cloister walls.     

Illustrations of Domestic Manners During the Reign of Edward I

Abstract

A small ivory head of a tonsured man, expertly carved in relief, was found in 1991 during excavations at the great eighth-eleventh century Lombard monastery at San Vincenzo al Volturno. The head was excavated with other fragments of carved ivory, antler and bone, in the vicinity of the collective workshop of the monastery, and was doubtless carved in this workshop. The head-type is a variant on an early Byzantine formula which was employed in Rome by the sixth century and subsequently, in the eighth century, was adopted by artists working for noble Lombard patrons in northern Italy. The painters responsible for decorating the churches and claustral buildings of San Vincenzo in the first half of the ninth century also used this type, and in details of its carving the new ivory head seems to show the direct influence of painted heads of early ninth-century date from the walls of the monastery. The relief was probably intended for the embellishment of a small casket or the cover of a book. The new head, besides being a significant addition to the tiny corpus of surviving carvings in ivory from early medieval Italy, shows the craftsmen in the monastery's workshop had at their disposal a material which was both rare and prestigious in the period.     

Phenology of Six Ficus L., Moraceae,Species and its Effects on Pollinator Survival,in Brisbane,Queensland, Australia

The biogeography and historical distribution of various plants often depend as much on the environmental tolerance of their pollinators as they do on the tolerance of the plant. A four year, phenological study of 35 trees from six Ficus species was carried out in Brisbane's Central Business District. The presence of syconia (figs) and their sexual phases was recorded monthly for each tree. All six species bore ‘female’ phase syconia randomly in any month. The presence of ‘male’ phase syconia was seasonal for Ficus benjamina, Ficus microcarpa and Ficus virens. It was less seasonal for Ficus obliqua and Ficus rubiginosa. Ficus macrophylla exhibited aseasonal distribution of ‘male’ phase syconia. Symbiont pollinator wasp mortality was the cause of the skew in the seasonal distribution of ‘male’ phase syconia. Ficus benjamina, F. microcarpa and F. virens seldom had ‘male’ and ‘female’ phase syconia concurrently on an individual tree, while F. macrophylla and F. obliqua often did. Ficus rubiginosa was intermediate between the two groups. Intra‐tree overlap of syconia in both sexual phases permits short dispersal flights by pollinators and is advantageous to their survival during the cooler months. The pollinators of F. benjamina, F. microcarpa and F. virens, historically tropical and tropical/subtropical species, are unlikely to establish in temperate areas due to high winter mortality rates. The other three Ficus species historically occurred in temperate climates and the pollinators of two, F. macrophylla and F. rubiginosa, are extending their range into temperate Australia and New Zealand. The pollination biology of Ficus spp. will thus be a determining factor in whether a species is able to naturalise or become invasive in a location that experiences a particular climate, or if it is safe to use as a horticultural amenity species.     

What do we need to bring about a financial crisis? A long-term look at the development of banking systems,money supply and crises 1850–2010

Financial crises are not a new phenomenon. We had them in the 18th century; there were several well-known ones in the 19th century, not to mention the crisis which started the Great Depression of the 1930s. The recurrence of financial crises in the last decades has revoked a wave of research on the topic among economic historians and economists. Still, it has been difficult for us to really understand how these crises emerge, why they have been so severe recently and why they have occurred so often in the last decades. This paper tries to explain the phenomenon by asking, how is, and how was the volume of money stock determined, and why does scarcity of money, and thus rising interest rate, not check excess borrowing and creation of speculative bubbles - and then emerging crises.     

Appeasement Revisited

R. A. C. PARKER. Chamberlain and Appeasement: British Policy and the Coming of the Second World War. London: Macmillan, 1993. Pp. v, 388. £35.00;

GAINES POST, JR. Dilemmas of Appeasement: British Deterrence and Defense, 1934–1937. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1993. $48.50 (US);

R. J. Q. ADAMS. British Politics and Foreign Policy in the Age of Appeasement, 1935–39. London: Macmillan, 1993. Pp. xii, 192. £40.00;

MICHAEL J. COHEN and MARTIN KOLINSKY, eds. Britain and the Middle East in the 1930s: Security Problems, 1935–1939. London: Macmillan, 1992. Pp. xvii, 231. $40.00;

BENNY MORRIS. The Roots of Appeasement: The British Weekly Press and Nazi Germany during the 1930s. London: Frank Cass, 1992. Pp. 212. $40.00 (US);

GERARD J. DE GROOT. Liberal Crusader: The Life of Sir Archibald Sinclair. New York: New York University Press, 1993. Pp. xi, 266. $35.00 (US);

CLEMENT LEIBOVITZ. The Chamberlain-Hitler Deal. Edmonton, Alberta: Les Éditions Duval Inc., 1993. Pp. viii, 544. No Price Available.