不懂官场的湘军将领

在自己的麾下将领中,曾国藩最欣赏的当属彭玉麟和李鸿章。曾国藩曾说过这样的话：“若论天下英雄,当属彭玉麟、李鸿章。”但由于彭玉麟个性太过刚硬,和曾国藩、李鸿章交往中发生过许多不愉快的事情。彭玉麟和曾国藩有过两次比较大的矛盾冲突。第一次是由曾国藩委托韩正国找小妾所引起的。韩正国是曾国藩的亲兵首领,是曾国藩非常信任的人。当时,曾国藩戎马倥偬,精神高度紧张,心情抑郁,癣疾发作得很厉害,浑身瘙痒导致他经常失眠。他的妻子欧阳夫人在湘乡老家,无法替他解除烦恼。在这种情况下,曾国藩请韩正国帮他找一个小妾,专门帮他挠痒。     

术道之间

曾国藩看重"道",李鸿章则重视"术",而术道之间亦非简单的黑与白。牛人往往是由牛人教出来的,李鸿章当年以"年家子"身份投帖拜在曾国藩门下时,曾国藩已位居两江总督,文章也是公认的一流。其实,李鸿章与曾国藩的缘分,在投帖之前就开始了。1843年,李鸿章的父亲李文安从北京来函,让其入京,准备来年的顺天府乡试,利用这个机会,李文安带李鸿章拜见了曾     

拒援临淮：同治二年李鸿章与曾国藩的战略分歧

同治二年,李鸿章拒派淮扬水师赴援临淮以助湘军平叛苗沛霖。李鸿章先以各种理由拖延,在曾国藩一再催促甚至威胁要劾奏的情况下,不惜正面对抗,直接上奏朝廷,陈明军情和拒赴临淮的原因。最终李鸿章以水陆师互相配合,攻克苏州。曾国藩得此消息,十分惊喜,不再计较李鸿章的不听命行为。李鸿章抗命成功,在于清廷和曾国藩、李鸿章一样,也希望尽早打败太平军,不愿借洋师“助剿”苏南等地的太平军,因而在处理曾国藩和李鸿章的分歧时,采取了灵活的应对方式。     

不懂官场的湘军将领

在自己的麾下将领中,曾国藩最欣赏的当属彭玉麟和李鸿章.曾国藩曾说过这样的话:“若论天下英雄,当属彭玉麟、李鸿章.” 但由于彭玉麟个性太过刚硬,和曾国藩、李鸿章交往中发生过许多不愉快的事情.     

曾国藩与李鸿章在立身行事上的差异

长期以来，人们认为李鸿章是曾国藩的得意门生，忠实地继承了曾国藩的衣钵。其实，曾国藩与李鸿章在立身处世方面有很大的差异。在操守方面，曾国藩严于律己，身居高位而不贪，手握大权而不腐。李鸿章却不然，对权力、地位、金钱的追求可以说是至死不渝。以下分三个方面来谈：（一）一个是廉洁自守，生活检林；一个是贪财受贿，生活奢侈曾国藩以“做官发财为可耻，以宦囊积金遗子孙为可秦可根”。他立誓：“总不靠做官发财以遗后人。”认为”儿子若贤，则不靠宦囊亦能自觅衣食；儿子老不肖，则多积一钱，渠将多造一孽，后来淫佚作恶，必且大…     

“挺经”蠡测

曾国藩的好友欧阳兆熊,写过一部有名的笔记,叫《水窗春呓》,里面写了不少关于曾国藩的史事。在“一生三变”这条笔记里,有这样一句话：“（曾国藩）尝自称欲著《挺经》,言其刚也。”关于曾国藩的“挺经”,曾国藩的孙婿吴永,在所著笔记《庚于西狩丛谈》卷四中也曾谈及,他记李鸿章曾对他说：“我老师的秘传心法,有十八条‘挺经’,这真是精通造化、守身用世的宝决。”（下引此书时皆见卷四）李鸿章所说的老师,就是曾国藩。曾国藩是否确曾著过《挺经》呢？从这里举出的两条笔记看,似有两种可能：一是著过;一是仅仅有腹稿。若是著过…     

李昭庆与曾国藩--与贾熟村先生商榷几个问题

曾国藩为清朝钦差大臣,先后负责镇压太平天国和捻军起义.李鸿章的六弟昭庆曾带淮军继招的新勇协助曾国藩守安徽芜湖、无为、庐江,其军事才能初露头角,曾欲用之为统领,以备他日栋梁之选,李鸿章以禀商"家慈",代辞.但正在谋发展的李昭庆与其三哥鹤章成为李鸿章"平吴"的左右手.曾国藩奉令北上剿捻后,为了笼络淮军诸将,请李昭庆办理营务.曾国藩为了对付捻军的运动战术,于四省十三府州设四重镇驻兵,以静制动,并筹建游击之师一支,以李昭庆为游击之师统领.李昭庆带兵作战不力,请为曾国藩护卫.曾国藩辞掉钦差大臣后,清廷以李鸿章为钦差大臣督军剿捻,曾勉励其助兄完成"剿捻大业",李昭庆表示要大干一场,但不久又打了退堂鼓,要求"卸营务、统军两差".曾国藩想到昭庆"时前时却",不肯"苦战",又"于官阶、功名二者不甚歆慕",只好劝李鸿章另择统领,接替他.文章说明:曾国藩希望落空,李昭庆自毁仕途前程.     

胡林翼的官场公关术

胡林翼是晚清重臣,率领湘军收咸宁,克武昌,为平定太平天国立下了汗马功劳,与曾国藩、李鸿章、左宗棠并称为“中兴四大名臣”,曾国藩曾说：“润芝（胡林翼的字）之才胜我十倍.”毛泽东也因仰慕他而取字“润之”.可就是这个勇武的胡林翼,却有一段曾让曾国藩所嘲笑的往事.     

略论曾国藩李鸿章关系

曾国藩,湖南湘乡人。李鸿章,愿籍安徽合肥。湘乡与合肥云天遥隔。曾国藩,1811年生。李鸿章,生于1823年。从年龄看,应该说他俩没有什么相识的缘分。可是,封建社会特别重视的师生关系、同年关系,在曾、李之间系上了一条解不开的纽带。     

《李鸿章全集》序言

李鸿章(1823-1901)字少荃,安徽合肥人.青年时代曾在北京从曾国藩问学,道光二十七年(1847)成进士.不久,太平天国起义,在南中国点燃起燎原大火,李鸿章以翰林院编修由京回乡组织团练与太平军作战,升至道员,后投曾国藩幕府.     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.