非营利组织参与公共危机管理作用研究——以河南郑州7·20洪灾为例

随着社会发展进入高质量高风险期,多元主体积极参与公共危机管理已经成为我国应急管理体系的重要内容和方向.本文运用协同治理理论,分析当前非营利组织主体在多元主体公共危机管理中的优势和当前面临的困境,在政府方面提出完善法律法规,明确地位,构建政府组织与非营利组织合作共赢的长效机制;在非营利组织方面提出要加强内部危机管理,构建...     

社会资本在公共危机管理中的作用

公共危机事件管理中,政府的主导力量是不容质疑的,但是社会资本在其中也起到了重要作用。将社会资本放在公共危机管理中讨论,对于危机的处置和修复都有着积极的作用,充足了物质资源和人力资源。社会资本的运用更是强化了政府对公民的影响与合作,有助于提高公民参与的积极性与合作的主动性。     

和谐社会构建背景下政府公共危机治理能力的提升

和谐社会构建背景下,提升政府公共危机治理能力是构建社会主义和谐社会的根本保证。目前我国和谐社会构建中制约我国政府公共危机治理能力的因素主要体现在危机意识淡薄、危机管理法制不健全、危机管理系统不完善等方面。因此,政府应当从意识、法律、机构、财力等多个面,提升政府公共危机治理能力。     

公共危机 拷问政府责任

面对公共危机,政府必须做到救助的平等。政府对公民负责,是对每一位公民负责,危机面前人人 平等。政府的救助必须惠及每一位公民,不论其职位高低、住所差异、权力大小和贫富的悬殊。     

关于公共危机管理下政府公信力的几点思考

如今,公共危机事件时有发生,不仅造成巨大的财产损失,也影响了政府的公信力。政府如能在公共危机中从容应对,可化主动为被动,在处理危机中提升自身形象,提高公信力。要通过从诚信着手,给予公民知情权,完善相关监督机制确保政府公信力的提升。     

政府危机管理:发展趋势与现实任务

评价一个政府的治理能力。不仅要看它在社会生活正常情况下的表现,更要看它在出现灾难和危机时候的表现,即政府的危机管理水平。自2003年的“非典”过后。政府危机管理不但成为我国公共管理理论的一个研究热点,也成为政府治道变革的一个实践重点。本认为。我国政府危机管理的发展趋势是在工作理念、工作方式、职能设置、核心使命和工作重心等方面实现从传统到现代的变革．政府危机管理的现实任务主要是完善政府危机管理体系,构建完善的法律规范系统、统一的指挥协调系统、有效的预备系统、畅通的信息系统、有力的资源保障系统、广泛的合作系统与健全的善后评估系统。     

公共治理下和谐社会构建的路径探析

公共治理理论作为目前政治行政学和公共管理学的前沿理论之一,公共治理模式是弥补以往政府行政管理的一种新的社会管理模式。当前能否构建社会主义和谐社会在很大程度上取决于政府选择什么样的社会治理模式,而公共治理模式对构建和谐社会来说,是一种比较合适的路径选择,应将公共治理理论与我国具体实际相结合,采取合理、合法的措施,构建和谐...     

论我国公民作为政府绩效评估的主体

建立科学的公共部门绩效评估体系和政绩考核标准,是大势所趋。评估的目的是为了更好地提高公共管理的效率,形成科学的目标导向,优化行政资源配置,使各部门更好地为人民服务。在评估过程中,绩效评估的主体选择最终关系到政府绩效评估能否真正发挥促进公共生产力的作用。随着西方社会新管理运动的发展要求,公民作为政府绩效评估主体及公民作为社会的主体参与政府绩效评估已成为社会发展的趋势。     

青海基层社会治理主体特殊性研究

与传统的社会管理模式相比,社会治理更加强调主体的多元性,政府是在多元社会治理主体中起着主导作用,社会组织作为联系政府与公民之间的桥梁,在社会治理中的作用不容忽视。与全国其他省份相比,在青海基层社会治理主体中,基层政府的公共服务供给能力较弱、社会组织力量弱小并且发展缓慢、宗教人士及寺院在青海基层社会治理过程中扮演着十分特殊的角色。推进青海基层社会治理体系和治理能力现代化,必须着重提高基层政府的公共服务供给能力、充分发挥社会组织在基层社会治理过程中的作用,并坚持依法治理和"因俗而治"相结合的路子。     

古村落旅游开发的公共管理问题研究

与其它遗产地不同的是,古村落首先是生活着的村落,原住民及其生活是古村落的核心,这不仅导致古村落旅游目的地资源产权公私交错及其开发管理的复杂化,也使旅游开发利益主体及其利益诉求多元化。古村落的特殊属性决定了古村落旅游开发管理的特殊性和国家有关主管部门介入实施公共管理的必要性。本文从公共管理的视角,对古村落基本属性、古村落旅游地开发保护中公共管理问题的界定,以及实施公共管理的机制途径等问题进行分析。得出以下结论,古村落旅游地现状问题的核心是多方利益主体的利益诉求与社区核心利益之间的矛盾,政府为主导的公共管理对古村落旅游地开发管理具有不可替代的作用,制度约束与规范管理是现阶段古村落旅游地政府治理的重要途径。     

Global crisis and the systems of spatial governance and planning: a European comparison

Inadequate regulation of spatial development is at the origin of the current global crisis and increases, in years of crisis, the unequal distribution of wealth. The importance of the related risks for democracy draw attention to the systems of spatial governance and planning, through which States regulate spatial development. In Europe, the countries most affected by the unequal effects of the crisis have spatial planning systems that are traditionally based on the preventive assignation of rights for land use and development through a plan. The systems of other countries had established beforehand that new rights for land use and for spatial development are rather assigned only after the public control of development projects and their distributional effects. Despite the evidence that some models can operate better than others in ensuring public government of spatial development, the improvement of spatial planning systems is, however, limited by their complex nature of ‘institutional technologies’. Especially in a context of crisis, planners are responsible for the increase in public awareness concerning the role of spatial governance in economic and social life.     

明清时期乡村社会治理的空间机制——基于领域性视角

从地理学视角看,乡村治理的过程主要表现为乡村空间权属和空间权力的配置,即领域化和再领域化。本文从当代乡村治理的问题出发,运用领域理论分析明清时期乡村治理中的空间-社会关系及其领域化机制。研究表明：县级政府构建的行政领域难以实现全面有效的治理,乡绅主导构建的社会领域基于乡村特征划定边界和提供公共物品并部分替代了行政领域,其具体领域化机制为家族-宗族-乡族三级治理体系。本文认为明清时期乡村治理存在多元领域,行政领域与社会领域通过有效的协调机制相互补充使乡村治理更有效。乡村治理应注重对当地社会领域和市场领域的培育,同时增强行政领域治理的有效性及其与其他领域的协调能力。     

元管治:规范化的自组织协调机制——元管治与我国城市规划公众参与组织形式的构建

自1980年代初以来,管治(Governance)思潮已经在西方社会汹涌澎湃,社会、经济、政治、文化等领域受到其巨大冲击。在城市规划的具体实践中,如何在众多利益共同发挥作用的领域中取得一致的认同,这有赖于对管治的认识与理解。作为管治重要理论之一的元管治(meta-governance)理论在西方社会有着深刻而广泛的影响。本文通过对规范化的自组织协调机制--元管治的探究,试图以元管治为理论基础建立我国城市规划的公众参与组织形式和保障机制,从而在规划决策中发挥持久作用。     

A theatre of machines: Automata circuses and digital bread in the smart city of Toronto

In this paper, the policies, projects, and promises of “smart” initiatives at the City of Toronto are evaluated, as they manifest through a technological convergence between local government services and an increased focus on citizen services through data-driven mediums. Through direct participant observation and formal interviews, a robust understanding of the internal institutional dynamics, the perspectives citizens in the “smart city,” and the operational disconnects in governance, policy, and practice has been gained. Our case study on the City of Toronto provides an account of how and from where these smart motivations for increasing a data-driven engagement with the public have arisen over the past several years. In doing so, we identify key characteristics that both enable and hinder the existing smart city in the forms of access to open data, the use of increased computational methods, and the engagement of public services through digital space as requirements for the future of participatory governance. We argue that instituting appropriate policies and engaging citizens to co-design and participate in the planning processes are essential to ensuring an inclusive, modern, and open smart city.     

One for all,or all for oneself? Governance cultures in regional public transport planning

Due to the fragmented organizational landscape characterizing public transport, it is important to study and explore how regional governance of public transport adapts to national institutional reforms. By employing the term ‘governance cultures’ to a comparative case study of regional public transport planning in Sweden, we contribute to theories of governance by cultural sensitization. Combining governance theory with cultural analysis, we apply a cultural perspective to understand the two cases. We conclude that public transport planning in the Stockholm region is defined by ‘negotiations’ between stakeholders, whereas in the Västra Götaland region it is characterized by a governance culture of ‘collaboration’. The evidence from our case studies emphasizes the importance of understanding local governance practices as situated in cultural contexts as well as of viewing governance cultures as an important factor affecting the purpose, degree and outcomes of collaboration in planning practices.     

Public administration in the Australian Journal of Political Science: A review

This article reviews publications on public administration in the Australian Journal of Political Science (AJPS). A distinction needs to be drawn between public administration as a discipline and as a field of inquiry that engages specialists from several areas. The latter has been more significant in Australia in contrast to Europe and the United States. The questions discussed in the AJPS cover changes in the field and practice of public administration; the state and government; the structures of local government, public organisation and federalism; interfaces between public administration and other sectors and institutions; and issues with public sector reform and accountability. Despite the emphasis on governance in discourse and practice, the role of government continues to be central, and what emerges from experiments in new governance is that the authority of government and the significance of hierarchy (compared to markets and networks) very often remains pivotal.     

Private Profits – Public Drought: The Creation of a Crisis in Water Management for West Yorkshire

This paper examines the political and corporate constructions of the 1995–96 drought crisis in West Yorkshire, when an unprecedented public furore was provoked by the threat of water-supply cut-offs. A key outcome of this process was a profound crisis of confidence over the governance of water resources, which can be linked to the privatization of the industry and, more broadly, to the processes of redrawing the boundaries of the state. The water industry illustrates the contestability of neoliberal reforms seeking to inspire market-led growth with minimal government intervention. In particular, political dogma about the anticipated benefits of market competitiveness failed adequately to take into account public concern for the 'common good'.     

The Implementation of Public Policy: Still the Missing Link

Although theories of public policy and theories of governance both seek to establish relationships between policymaking and its consequences, they do not complement each other very well. Public policy models tend to de-emphasize that which governance theories tend to emphasize: the influence on government performance of implementation, broadly described as the actions taken by those engaged in administration (including managers at all levels, those engaged in service delivery, and third-party agents) after a policy has been lawfully promulgated by elected officials and interpreted by the courts. A comparison of a recently developed theory of public sector performance with several prominent theories of policymaking suggests that multilevel governance theories can supply what continues to be the missing link in public policy theories. At the same time, governance theories might be enriched by the process modeling of public policy theories.     

Municipal Councillors and the Everyday State: New Representations of Political Accountability in Ahmedabad,India

Scholarly literature on municipal councillors in urban India has variously labelled them as ‘lords’, ‘captains’ and ‘shrewd operators’ who have the power to mobilize resources and act as political intermediaries between the state and ordinary citizens. Conversely, voters are seen as collectively trading their votes to secure access to the state's resources. In this article, empirical fieldwork in the city of Ahmedabad, India, suggests that while traditional modes of patron–client relationships continue to exist at the municipal urban governance level, there has been a shift in the roles as perceived by municipal councillors themselves. The ‘state at the roadside’ model of urban governance is being expanded to include new modes and sites of mediation with citizens. Drawing from the literature on political representative claims and social representation theory, this article argues that the changes in the practices of municipal councillors are driven partly by political aspirations that are distinct from their identity as a party karyakarta (worker) and partly as a response to a better-informed citizenry, referred to as jagrukt janta (public awareness). These shifts create the conditions for new modes of civic engagement and political accountability within existing patronage-based networks.     

Community Engagement: Participation on Whose Terms?

Community engagement and citizen participation have long been important themes in liberal democratic theory, although managerial versions of liberal democracy have typically been dominant. In the past two decades, however, many countries have seen a shift away from a managerial or top-down approach, towards a revitalised emphasis on building institutional bridges between governmental leaders and citizenry, often termed ‘community engagement’. This paper outlines some of the main explanations for this shift, including international trends in governance and political economy; the availability of improved communications technologies; the need to share responsibility for resolving complex issues; and the local politics of managing social, economic and environmental projects. Some critical perspectives are also raised, suggesting a degree of scepticism about the intentions of government and implying serious limits on the potential influence of the citizenry and community groups. Important distinctions are drawn between policy arenas, in relation to the different dynamics and opportunities in different policy fields. The importance of building effective capacity for citizens and all non-government organisations (NGOs) to participate is emphasised. Typologies of community engagement are outlined, and linked to ideas about social capital.