New Books about the North

Jernsletten, Reymert, Storm and Aarseth (eds.): Festskrift til Ørnulv Vorren. Tromsø Museums Skrifter XV. Tromsø 1994. 399 pages.

Kvist, Roger (ed.).‐ Føredrag vid Nordiska Samehistoriska Symposiet i Lövånger 13–14 februari 1995. Forskningsrapporter från Historiska institutionen vid Umeå universitet 9‐ Umeå 1995.189 pages.

Bjørklund, Møller and Reymer (eds.):7fre Barents Region. In the series Way North, Tromsø Museum, The University of Tromsø. 1995. 80 pages.     

Different Modes of Innovation and the Challenge of Connecting Universities and Industry: Case Studies of Two Regional Industries in Norway

The paper argues that no single formula exists for how universities can stimulate innovation activity and industrial development in a particular region. The type of university–industry cooperation must be fined-tuned according to the knowledge base of the university and to the dominant mode of innovation in the regional industry. This article discusses two different modes of innovation: science, technology, innovation (STI) and doing, using, interacting (DUI). The unit of analysis is innovation and cooperation with universities in two regional industries in Norway, which are dominated by the two modes of innovation: STI (marine biotechnology in Tromsø) and DUI (oil and gas equipment suppliers in Agder). The empirical analyses demonstrate the different roles that universities play in these two regional industries. The University of Tromsø is the main organization behind the development of the marine biotechnology industry in Tromsø and is an important knowledge node and source of biotechnology spin-offs. Equipment suppliers in Agder have become world leaders in some niches, almost without research cooperation with universities. A general lesson is that the dominant mode of innovation in a regional industry makes a difference to the role universities can play in stimulating the development of the industry.     

ALOMAR: atmospheric science using lidars,radars and ground based instruments

On top of the 379 m high Ramnan mountain on the island of Andøya (69°30′N, 16°01′E) in Northern Norway, the ALOMAR (The Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmospheric Research) will soon be in operation. Through measurements of different atmospheric parameters, ALOMAR will provide information on the dynamics of the middle and upper atmosphere using ground-based instrumentation. Routine measurements, including ozone observations, can be carried out more efficiently than currently possible. The observatory is currently using three LIDAR instruments, one radar and several ground-based instruments to measure density, temperature, wind profiles and aerosol densities over a height range of approximately 10 to 100 km. ALOMAR will provide scientists worldwide with the opportunity for year-round, in-depth studies of the polar middle atmosphere, concentrating on physics, chemistry and meteorology. The observatory will offer unique research opportunities, and its activities can be correlated using the Andøya Rocket Range (ARR), who operate the facility, and with other important research facilities such as the EISCAT radar, and the University of Tromsø observatories which are located nearby. There are many opportunities for additional cooperative scientific experiments using ground-based measurements and instruments carried by aircraft, balloons and sounding rockets.     

Pc4 giant pulsations recorded in Tromsø, 1929–1985

In this investigation terrestrial magnetic records for 1929–1985 from the Auroral Observatory in Tromsø have been examined for giant micropulsations (Pg). This period encompasses five solar cycles and supplements the work of Harang, who studied the records from the time such recordings started in Tromsø in March 1929 through March 1941. In agreement with Harang, an anticorrelation with the solar cycle is found in the frequency of occurrence of the micropulsations. A seasonal variation with maxima in March and September is clearly revealed, as already indicated in Harang's much more limited data set. Also in support of Harang, it is found that the period of oscillation tends to increase for long lasting pulsations and for recurring ones. Contrary to Harang, who found a daily maximum between 0100 and 0200 UT, however, we find the maximum to occur somewhere between 0200 and 0300 UT.     

Tidal wind observations with incoherent scatter radar and meteorological rockets during MAP/WINE

Measurements of winds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere were carried out during the main phase of the MAP/WINE project in January and February 1984 with the EISCAT UHF incoherent scatter radar near Tromsö, Norway, and with meteorological rockets launched from the Andøya Rocket Range, Norway. The radar measurements yield wind profiles between the altitudes of about 80 km and 105 km and the rockets between about 60 km and 90 km. Results from both techniques are combined to yield mean profiles which are particularly evaluated in terms of tidal variations. It is found that the semidiurnal tide constitutes an essential wind contribution between 85 km and 105 km. Whereas the tidal amplitudes are below 5 m s⁻¹ at about 80 km, they increase to 20–30 m s⁻¹ at 100 km. The average vertical wavelength of 35 km points to the S₄² mode, but coupling and superposition of different modes cannot be excluded.     

Observations of ionospheric modification by the Tromsø heating facility with the mobile diagnostic equipment of IZMIRAN

Results are presented of ionospheric modification experiments carried out at Tromsø, Norway, in October and November 1988. These experiments were jointly conducted by IZMIRAN and MPAe. In these experiments, small scale electron density perturbations (having a vertical size ~ 1 km and a density variation ~0.1%) were found to be excited near the reflection and upper hybrid resonance (UHR) points of an O-mode pump wave. When the pump frequency was close to the triple electron gyrofrequency, there were no noticeable perturbations near the UHR point. This peculiarity correlated well with a decrease of the intensity of stimulated electromagnetic emission (SEE). When SEE is comparatively weak, the SEE intensity can vary quasi-periodically, with a quasi-period of approximately 1 s. When this happens, anticorrelations between different parts of the SEE spectrum become possible.     

Introduction to ionospheric heating experiments at Tromsø—II. Scientific problems

In the first section the theory of parametric decay instabilities (PDI) is briefly described. Then results of joint heating/incoherent scatter observations at Tromsø are presented. It turns out that most of the observed features are in good agreement with that theory, while some others remain still unexplained. Among the latter features the most striking is the existence of a ‘space-time blob structure’, which means that the time variation of scattered power from adjacent altitudes seems to be correlated. Experiments at Arecibo often lead to results different from ours. Some scientists in the field explain these observations in terms of a ‘strong turbulence’ in which also caviton formation is involved. We think that most of the Tromsø results can be adequately explained by the parametric decay process.     

Electron content measurements in the auroral zone using GPS: preliminary observations of the main trough and a survey of the degree of irregularity in summer

Ionospheric electron content was monitored from sites in or near Tromsø, Norway, for six months of 1993, using the transmissions from the satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS). The data have been used for preliminary studies of two important phenomena of the high-latitude ionosphere: the main trough and the incidence of large irregularities. The latitude and motion of the trough were determined on several occasions during the spring period, and the results compared with previous data. Best agreement is with the formula of Collis and Haggstrom (1988). The incidence of large irregularities was surveyed during a four-month period, approximately from the summer solstice to the autumnal equinox, and the variation with time of day and magnetic activity has been determined. It was found that irregularities are considerably larger by night than by day, but that they are enhanced during both periods by increased magnetic activity. Statistical results are presented. It is suggested that these irregularities are the same as the “auroral blobs” previously studied by incoherent-scatter radar.     

印尼华裔青少年语言与认同的个案分析--华侨大学华文学院印尼华裔学生的调查研究

本文依据对华侨大学华文学院印尼华裔学生的调查研究,探讨印尼华裔青少年一代的语言环境、语言使用、语言能力及其认同问题.调查表明,印尼华裔学生是以印尼语为主、具有双语或多语能力的语言使用者;虽经数十年的严厉禁止,但他们在印尼现仍有一个使用汉语言文字的环境;他们程度不一地具有汉语方言的能力;他们学习汉语的目的动机与华人身份的认同紧密联系在一起.     

On Language Distribution in Ilam Province,Iran

As is still the case in many parts of Iran, the distribution of languages and dialects in Ilam Province, western Iran, is unevenly documented. There have been several studies on specific language varieties spoken throughout the province but, in large part because of conflicting perspectives on the relationship between language and ethnicity, the situation for the region as a whole has until now remained unclear. The present study first of all brings together existing sociolinguistic and demographic data on language distribution and highlight areas of uncertainty. The main part of the study provides an overview of local perceptions of language distribution and language use based on field research and interviews conducted in each of the province's ten regions (shahrestān) and their twenty-five districts (bakhsh). Here, respondents' assessments of the geographic extent of the province's four main languages—Kurdish, Luri, Laki and Arabic—as well as more minor languages spoken by immigrants from elsewhere in Iran are summarized. For Kurdish in particular, which is the major of the four languages, the article shows the perceived geographic distribution of each major dialect and its affiliation within one of two major Kurdish dialect groups: Ilāmi (or “Feyli”) and Kalhōri. This analysis is followed by a brief discussion of multilingualism. The results of the study are brought together in a map of the province's languages.     

Observations of auroral E-region plasma waves and electron heating with EISCAT and a VHF radar interferometer

Two radars were used simultaneously to study naturally occurring electron heating events in the auroral E-region ionosphere. During a joint campaign in March 1986 the Cornell University Portable Radar Interferometer (CUPRI) was positioned to look perpendicular to the magnetic field to observe unstable plasma waves over Tromsø, Norway, while EISCAT measured the ambient conditions in the unstable region. On two nights EISCAT detected intense but short lived (< 1 min) electron heating events during which the temperature suddenly increased by a factor of 2–4 at altitudes near 108 km and the electron densities were less than 7 × 10⁴ cm⁻³. On the second of these nights CUPRI was operating and detected strong plasma waves with very large phase velocities at precisely the altitudes and times at which the heating was observed. The altitudes, as well as one component of the irregularity drift velocity, were determined by interferometric techniques. From the observations and our analysis, we conclude that the electron temperature increases were caused by plasma wave heating and not by either Joule heating or particle precipitation.     

Sørenga 7: the reconstruction of a 17th‐century boat from Oslo harbour

In 2006, during the Immersed Tunnel Project in the harbour of Oslo, Norway, a c.9.4 m‐long boat was discovered. The boat was found in the area historically known as Sørenga, and was named Sørenga 7, following six other finds in the area excavated from the early 1970s to the 1990s. The boat was documented digitally piece by piece, and a scale model was made in cardboard and polyamide. The deposition of the boat in the transition between the 17th and 18th centuries focuses attention on life in the early modern harbour of Christiania (Oslo).     

On the stability of the ozone layer at Tromsø

Long-term measurements of the thickness of the ozone layer in Tromsø since 1935 show that the annual mean value can vary by as much as 18%. However, no decreasing trend of the ozone content and no correlation with the increasing amount of chlorine and halogen compounds of the atmosphere are found in the Scandinavian sector of the Arctic.     

Urban Sámi Identities in Scandinavia: Hybridities,Ambivalences and Cultural Innovation

One of the most significant social and cultural changes in the northern part of Scandinavia, as in other parts of the world, is urbanization. All over the northern region, towns and cities are growing, and a large portion of the indigenous population now lives in urban areas throughout all Scandinavian countries. Within these multicultural cities, urban Sámi communities are emerging and making claims to the cities. From a situation where migration from a Sámi core area to a city was associated with assimilation, an urban Sámi identity is now in the making. In this article, we discuss what seems to be the emergence of an urban Sámi culture. The article builds on findings from a study of urban Sámi and their expression of identity in three cities with the largest and fastest-growing Sámi populations in the region: Tromsø (Norway), Umeå (Sweden) and Rovaniemi (Finland). A main finding is the increasing recognition of their status as indigenous people and the growth in Sámi institutions in the cities. Another finding is an urban Sámi culture in the making, where new expressions of Sámi identity are given room to grow, but where we also find ambivalences and strong links and identifications to places in the Sámi core districts outside of the cities.     

Mapping languages from inside: Notes on perceptual dialectology

Language maps can represent many aspects of the linguistic situation in a certain territory. They usually draw particular views of the language setting as seen from outside, i.e. by linguists or scholars in general. However, maps can also be used to show the geographical distribution of the perception of language variation from the point of view of the speakers. The starting point for every kind of language map is the language border (and its definition): thus a perceptual language map needs a definition of border from the point of view of the speaker. To do that it is necessary to analyse 'perceptual data', that is to study the opinion the speaker has of the language diversities and compare the different kinds of perception. Points of interest can be, for example: the influence of the perceived ethnic diversity on the language variation—or vice versa, the fact that perceived ethnic borders do not match with perceived language borders; or moreover that perceived language borders do not necessarily match with the perceived comprehensibility of other language varieties (symbolic versus communicative function of language). Hence a possible linguistic borderline on perceptual language maps could be the limit among social language behaviours. From this point of view, sociolinguistic studies can be a good tool to draw perceptual language maps, since quantitative sociolinguistic researches provide the diatopic/diasthratic variation of the data, whilst qualitative research provides the perception of the variation. The paper discusses some field research case studies, coming from the Eastern and Western Alps in Italy, to better introduce this kind of perceptual geolinguistic explanation.     

Heating rates measured by EISCAT: latitudinal variations

Data from EISCAT are used to determine Joule and particle heating rates. As CP3 programs include scans in the meridian plane of Tromsø, some latitudinal extents of these rates are deduced. They are shown for a period of 24 h on 18–19 January 1984.If a linear relationship is assumed between height-integrated Joule heating rates and variations of the horizontal component of the magnetic field at ground level, the corresponding scaling factor depends on a certain ratio of the conductivities. Variations of this ratio versus time and latitude are shown for the same period.     

High-resolution measurements of magnetospheric electric fields

Observations made at EISCAT suggest that the plasma velocity measured in the F-region above Tromsø can vary substantially on a timescale of a minute or so. The high-resolution measurements made using alternating codes during the ERRRIS experiment have confirmed this result by showing that the rapid variations of plasma velocity measured directly correspond exactly to the variations of ion temperature in the rmupper-E and lower-F region caused by frictional heating, and the variations of electron temperature in the E-region, caused by wave turbulence heating.     

A case study of the reaction of the auroral atmosphere to local energy inputs

EISCAT data taken along the Tromsø geomagnetic field line, on 25 March 1986, 1800–2400 UT, have been used to study the reaction of the neutral atmosphere to temporal and localized energy inputs. A periodic variation of the electron temperature with a period of ~25 min following a temporal heating event is interpreted as being due to a corresponding oscillation of the neutral atmosphere. A model to simulate the dynamic behaviour of the atmosphere is briefly described. The observations can well be explained provided the energy deposition is localized. Then horizontal gradients and thus horizontal atmospheric motions are established and these also affect the amplitude and period of vertical motions.     

Measuring ethnic belonging from within: The case of the Vuotso Saami

Finland anchors its legal definition of Saaminess in the bedrock of language ability either of oneself or of at least one of one's parents or grandparents. The Saami Nordic Council's Tromsø definition (1980) reech?s the official Finnish Statement (1973). Back in the villages, however, the grass‐roots Saami use other criteria when determining who is Saami, “blood”. This paper discusses the discrepancies between official government as well as ethnic political wing statements as to the components of Saami identity and those of foot‐soldier Saami in villages such as Vuotso, Finnish Lapland.     

Connections between high- and middle-latitude pulsations

Pulsation data from the mid-latitude observatory Nagycenk have been compared with those of the auroral zone station Tromsø and of the high-latitude stations Hornsund and Ny Alesund. The comparison has shown a rather high correlation between the Pc3 pulsation activities at all sites, with an independent component at the highest latitudes. Mid-latitude Pc3 is also correlated with high-latitude Pc4 and Pc5. The results can be explained by two main types of (mid-latitude) pulsations occurring simultaneously or independently at different times. The first has constant periods up to the highest latitude studied and is thought to be of extramagnetospheric origin. Magnetospheric signals, however, have—at least in certain events—periods increasing with increasing latitude, up to the high-latitude stations.