Stories about building history told by wooden elements – case studies from Eastern Austria

The intention of this article is to show the benefit of an interdisciplinary approach within the various disciplines of building research (architectural archeology, art history, archive research, dendrochronology, etc.).

The exact determination of the age of historical timber is undoubtedly the most important contribution of dendrochronology to building research. The significance of dendrochronological dates is discussed in detail—problems of reuse, repair, drying time, and differences between felling and building dates are demonstrated. Several case studies in Eastern Austria showed a difference of two to four years between felling and building.

To answer questions of where the timber came from, dendroprovenancing was introduced to Eastern Austria. First results showed that it will be possible to differentiate the origin of timber between Eastern Austria and regions where rafts started towards Vienna, via the river Danube. The results showed that it is important to combine building archaeology and archival analyses with the dendrochronological results.     

The Karschau Ship, Schleswig-Holstein: Dendrochronological Results and Timber Provenance

The felling of the oak trees used to build the Karschau ship took place in or around the AD 1140s. The tree-ring curves from the oak planks from the Karschau Ship match best with site-means from Odense, a medieval town on the island of Funen, Denmark. New research being carried out by the author is allowing the determination of the provenance of ancient oak to a more local level. Through this dendrochronological research, it is now possible to differentiate between small regions of timber sources for shipbuilding, allowing a more nuanced interpretation.
© 2006 The Author     

文史资料的开发利用浅议

贵州文史资料是一座珍贵而丰富的历史文化宝库,是为当地政治、经济、文化提供参考服务的又一地方文献类型。面对篇幅繁多、内容庞杂的大量文献,如何开发利用其中的史料价值,对文史资料进行数字化,建立多种检索渠道的数据库,是使文史资料得以长久保存和开发利用的最佳选择和最终归属。     

The Mollö Cog Re‐Examined and Re‐Evaluated

As part of a research project on medieval trade and maritime transportation in the former Norwegian province of Bohuslän, western Sweden, a dendrochronological analysis of the so‐called Mollö cog was undertaken. The wreck, which was first salvaged in 1980, was previously dated by ¹⁴C analysis. Since this provided a nearly 400‐year time‐span for the building of the vessel, a more precise dating was considered essential. In conjunction with dendrochronological sampling, several features not previously reported were recorded. This paper presents the find, the research history and the results of the dendrochronological investigation. © 2012 The Authors     

古民居保护与旅游利用模式研究——以黄山市徽州古民居为例

以古民居的保护为目的,以黄山市古民居保护和旅游利用的旅游业态新模式为关注点,利用实证分析方法和比较研究的方法,基于保护和利用两种不同的维度,构建了徽州古民居保护和旅游利用的象限模型,提出了原址保护观光利用、原址保护功能转换利用、异地搬迁观光利用、异地搬迁整合利用等四种模式,并对其基本内涵分别进行了阐释。在此基础上,从原址利用、扩大利用、转换利用、主题利用四个方面,对未来徽州古民居保护和旅游利用的方向提出了相关建议和对策,并希冀对其他类型古民居的保护和旅游利用有着借鉴作用。     

国外乡村旅舍开发与经营研究综述

本文通过对国外研究乡村旅舍文献的搜集、整理和分析,从乡村旅舍的发展、开发特点、经营管理、客源结构、营销宣传、资金支持和政府管理几个方面对国外乡村旅舍的开发和经营状况进行了归纳和分析。希望以此为我国乡村旅舍的建设、经营和管理提供借鉴。     

青藏铁路建设的历史考察

建设青藏铁路是中华民族的百年宏愿,凝聚着共和国几代领导人和铁路建设者的心血和汗水,实现了西藏各族人民追求美好幸福生活的千年期盼。但青藏铁路的建设却走过了一段非常不平凡的历程,其间经历了1956～1961年第一次上下马,由于战备需要1965年又考虑开工修建,两年徘徊时期再度下马,直至1994年第三次上马并于2006年建成通车。建成后的青藏铁路是藏族同胞与全国各族人民的连心路,是雪域高原迈向现代化的腾飞路,也是勤劳智慧的中国人民不断创造非凡业绩的奋斗路。     

A Spanish Man‐o‐War in New Zealand? The 1864 wreck of Grafton and its lessons for pre‐Cook shipwreck claims

This paper considers the 1864 wreck of Grafton in the Auckland Islands, and its implications for wreck analysis and pre‐Cook exploration claims. The captain of Grafton, Thomas Musgrave, stated that the schooner was built from the wreck of a Spanish man‐o‐war, and archaeological analysis of the wreck found that the timbers are a tropical South American species, and had possibly been reused. The implications of this are clear; it is possible that timbers that originated in pre‐Cook (1769) ships lie in New Zealand, but without a full understanding of the historical and archaeological context of any such timbers, including their reuse in later ships, it is not possible to claim proof of pre‐Cook European exploration of New Zealand.     

英华殿大木结构实测研究

本文在对英华殿大木结构进行详细测量、获取大量较高精度数据的基础上,推算出古代匠人在进行大木尺寸设计中采取以下基本方法:1、本案营造尺长316.5毫米;2、以2尺5寸为基本模数确定柱头平面丈尺;3、采用平面柱头通进深之1/2并结合结构细部设计分别确定檐柱通高、金柱净高;4、以2寸5分为基本模数确定步架;5、采用宋《营造法式》制度确定屋架总举架高,并结合适当的举架比例确定各举高度。     

南方地区古建筑木结构的整体性残损点指标研究

古建筑木结构的残损点指标是对古建筑木结构进行结构安全评估和加固修缮设计的重要指标,目前主要依据1992年制定的《古建筑木结构维护与加固技术规范》(GB 50165—92)中的规定,为了对该规范中的构架整体性残损点指标进行验证和补充,本研究通过对南方地区传统的穿斗木构体系和抬梁木构体系的典型榫卯节点和构架的试验研究,得出两种木构体系结构的整体性关键残损点指标,并与GB 50165—92规范进行比较分析。结果表明:规范规定的抬梁式木构架和穿斗式木构架的局部倾斜残损点比试验结果小,规范值偏于安全。规范中规定的抬梁式木构架梁柱榫卯连接残损点略小于试验结果,规范值偏于安全;而规范中规定的穿斗式木构架梁柱榫卯连接残损点对于燕尾榫穿斗木构而言是安全的,但对于透榫穿斗木构而言,则是不安全的。     

上下椽头尾搭接的木构古建筑受力性能的简化计算方法研究

古建筑木结构主要分为抬梁木构体系和穿斗木构体系,其结构布置与连接节点明显不同于现代木结构。为了进一步提高古建筑木结构的结构计算和结构安全评估的工程实用性,对常见木椽的受力性能简化算法、常见拼合檩条的受力性能简化算法、三架梁和五架梁受力性能的简化算法进行研究,并基于动力特性分析,初步提出古建筑木结构典型构架体系在进深方向和面阔方向结构基本自振周期的近似计算模型。研究成果可为古建筑木结构的结构性能计算、结构安全评估以及加固修缮设计提供依据和参考。     

A Hostile Takeover of Nature? Placing Value in Conservation Finance

Conservation finance is a nascent field that claims to “deliver maximum conservation impacts, while, at the same time, generating returns for investors” (Credit Suisse/WWF). While geographers have questioned the ability of conservation finance to play a significant role in international biodiversity conservation, an emerging cohort of boutique private equity firms are actively generating returns on North American conservation projects. This raises the question: how are these firms generating profits, and in turn, returns for their shareholders? Drawing from a Marxian understanding of finance as redistributive, I argue that these firms are generating profits through a process similar to a corporate hostile takeover. Using the examples of ranchland and timberland investment in the United States, I show that (1) the materialities and historical geographies of these landscapes play a crucial role their monetization, and (2) shareholder returns are generated through a combination of traditional real estate sales and revaluations, public monies, and commodity production.     

乐山城市建设与历史文化名城保护

长期以来,由于对历史文化遗产的价值和作用缺乏认识,乐山没有处理好城市建设和古城保护的关系,城市更新和建设中出现了各类保护建筑遭到破坏;城市的特有风貌正在消失;城市的文脉被切断等问题,制约了城市的进一步发展。今天,乐山在国际旅游城市建设中,要以科学发展观为指导,严格遵循有效保护、统一管理、科学规划、永续利用的方针,树立并强化人文化理念,坚持以人为本,以人文化提高城市品位和生活质量,丰富城市建设内涵,将乐山打造成张扬个性、充满温馨、富有魅力的历史文化名城和国际旅游城市。