张斯麟:列宁会见过的惟一中华民国官员

苏俄《加拉罕第一次对华宣言》发布,愿意放弃沙皇政府对中国的特权1919年7月25日,苏俄政府向五四运动后觉醒的中国发表了《俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国人民委员会致中国人民和中国南北政府宣言》,即苏俄政府以副外交人民委员加拉罕的名义发表的《加拉罕第一次对华宣言》:重     

试论“苏俄第一次对华宣言”归还中东铁路问题

1919年7月25日《俄罗斯苏维埃联邦社会主义共和国政府对中国人民和中国南北政府的宣言》(即“苏俄第一次对华宣言”)是苏俄政府第一次向世界公开宣布的对华政策的纲领性文件。它在整个中苏关系中产生了巨大而又深远的影响,而且还因其有内容不同的两种版本和这两种版本的交替出现而引起了学者们的注意。这两种版本是:1919年8月26日苏俄《消息报》公布的版本,和1920年3月3日苏俄驻西伯利亚和远东地区外交事务全权代表蒋纯交给中国驻伊尔库次克领事馆的苏俄政府1919年7月26日第1872号照会。两者不同之处是,前者删除了一段极为重要的内容:     

加拉罕的对华外交活动

一发表三次对华宣言１９１９年夏,苏俄人民正处于生死存亡的危急关头,如何粉碎帝国主义的武装干涉,摆脱外交上的孤立局面,成为苏俄外交的第一要务。而此时中国人民轰轰烈烈的反帝“五四”爱国运动之火正越烧越旺,这使苏俄认识到与长期遭受帝国主义奴役的中国改善关系...     

霍·多洛夫与苏俄在华最早设立的电讯社

民国年间,苏俄以及后来的苏联曾在中国设立电讯社(有时亦称通讯社)一关于苏俄何时开始派人到中国来设立电讯社以及最早建立的电讯社这一机构本身的情况,国内有关历史作很少或语焉不详。其实,这是一个需要详加探讨的课题。因为深入厂解苏俄最初在华设立的电讯社的组织与运作情况,不仅可以弄清苏俄早期对华宣传的内容与方式,也涉及到苏俄、共产国际同中国人的初期联系和在中共建党上的举措等一些问题。     

北洋政府代表拜会列宁

俄国十月革命胜利后,列宁领导的苏维埃政府曾多次表示,要废除帝俄同中国缔结的一切不平等条约,取消在华特权,并准备在完全平等和互相尊重领土主权的基础上同中国建立新的关系。为使中国人民了解苏维埃政权的性质及其对华政策,苏俄政府于1919年7月25日和1920年9月27日先后两次发表了对华宣言。     

留学苏联：红色麦加催生的国共菁英

“走十月革命的道路”是上个世纪20年代进步青年最时髦的口号,而第一次国共合作,又为留苏带来契机。这批怀着对苏俄憧憬的青年。构成了国共两党乃至新中国的领导班底,并将所学深深栽培于中国。其中的两个人——王明与蒋经国,都给历史刻下了深深的印记。     

1955年亚非会议与中泰关系的有限缓和

泰国在亚洲冷战形成的过程中选择了以美国为首的西方阵营,拒不承认新中国,中泰关系处于隔绝状态。中国一贯重视改善同东南亚邻国的关系,在和平解决印度支那问题后积极为改善中泰关系而努力。1955年的亚非会议,不仅为中泰两国提供了直接接触和了解的机会,促使泰国转变对华态度,而且也给东南亚地区局势带来缓和。尽管这一时期的关系缓和是有限的、短暂的,但它是新中国推行和平外交的一次重要尝试。     

胡适对苏联外交的评判——以对华政策为中心

胡适对苏联外交的评判大体是求是的.他高度评价苏俄初期的对华宣言,希望中国政府承认苏联,赞赏苏联在30年代中期的和平努力,认为苏联是维持世界和平的重要力量,充分肯定苏联对中国抗战的无私援助.胡适也谴责了苏联外交所表现出的民族利己主义和大国沙文主义.二战后,胡适以冷战思维判定苏联外交是侵略、扩张性的.     

1917—1924年苏俄在中东铁路问题上的对华政策再探

1917年俄国十月革命后至1924年中苏建交谈判期间，苏俄从其国家利益出发，在欲图进军北满、武力夺取中东路未行的情况下，又采取和平谈判的策略，坚持保留沙俄时期既有的对中东铁路的权益，在中东铁路问题上对华采取了民族利己主义和大国沙主义政策。     

初期苏联对华政策的内部分歧

初期苏联对华政策的内部分歧林军早期苏联对华外交中的许多不解之谜，近一个世纪以来，经久不衰地吸引、困惑着中外学者。在得不到第一手档案的情况下，许多学者有意、无意地采用“黑箱”原理，不懈地试图通过公开的资料，从宣言和结果的逻辑联系中分析、推测当时苏俄对华...     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.