边疆开发视域下“新理想、新社会、新制度之创造与实验”——以民国云南开蒙垦殖局为中心

民国时期垦殖作为开发边疆的重要举措,关乎国安民利。抗战时期云南边地垦殖受到从中央到地方政府的高度重视,体现了中央与地方的双向互动与博弈。而开蒙垦殖局的设立与发展,可谓是此种边疆开发过程中为实现化边疆为内地,"从新建设农业"的"新理想、新社会、新制度之创造与实验",具有浓厚的制度创新色彩。     

新制度经济学的分析方法评述

新制度经济学是目前经济学领域最前沿的研究方向之一，日渐受到社会各界尤其是经济学界的密切关注，本详细论述了新制度经济学的产生、分析方法、与制度学派的区别、新制度经济学的贡献与局限以及新制度经济学的最新发展。     

“权力外移”与晚清权力结构的演变（1855--1875）

太平天国及捻军起义、第二次鸦片战争、辛酉政变三个相继发生的重大事件,促成了湘军、淮军和总理衙门等一系列新制度的创设。这一制度创新的共同特点是王朝应对外部危机而采取的横向分权,在体制外形成新的制度和权力中心,并与共同的对手之间构成三角权力制衡,呈现权力外移而非权力下移的特征。在战时体制向常规时期体制的过渡中,曾国藩和所统湘军走上战后复员老路而趋于衰微;左宗棠和李鸿章则在变化了的大环境下,寻找到自强新目标,将战时外移的权力延展到新的体制外新机制中。最终,以李鸿章和淮军为核心的洋务体制,整合了由内转外的各种新势力和新制度,形成与王朝旧体制并存的双轨制结构,并在与外国势力抗衡中形成相对稳定的权力架构。由此可见权力外移而非权力下移才是甲午战争前权力结构变动的主导趋势;而中国内部纷繁曲折的制度创设和权力结构变动是这一时期历史之变最重要的内涵,也是晚清史真正意义之所在。     

定居与近代蒙古族农业的变迁

清末放垦以前,蒙古族的农业种植业属于一种附属于游牧业的农业,带有明显的粗放经营特色。随着蒙地 的放垦,人口压力的增加,蒙族生态与社会发生了重大变化。 一个重要标志是定居的发生,从移动式蒙古包转向固定式蒙 古包或汉式土房子。在居住方式变化的同时,蒙族的产业也发 生变化。游牧业的萎缩使之逐渐接受农业,但一开始的农业仍 是传统的粗放农业,随着人口压力的进一步增加,种植业才逐 步集约化。     

论长江中游地区新石器时代晚期的生计经济与人口压力

长江中游地区新石器时代晚期的主要生计方式是稻作农业,因渔猎所占比重不同而又可细分为山地型与平原型。水田稻作农业具有集约化程度高,产出也较高的特点。稻田耕作系统的形成与维护需要大量劳力,从而刺激人口迅速增长,结果造成人口压力。自然环境的数次波动更加剧了这种压力。因人口压力而引发的移民、战争和社会重组等,成为推动初期社会复杂化进程的主要原因。     

制度安排与区域经济绩效:比较独立后马来西亚和印尼经济绩效差异的制度原因

诺思教授认为制度是一个国家经济增长的源泉。他将新制度经济学的理论工具引入新经济史的分析当中,构建了制度变迁理论,从产权理论、国家理论和意识形态理论三个方面去分析国家和区域经济绩效之间的差异。本文将主要基于诺思的制度变迁理论,并结合新制度经济学的其他相关理论,来分析马来西亚和印尼经济绩效差异的制度原因。     

黄河与中国历史上的周秦之变

“周秦之变”指的是秦朝与西周相比在社会结构方面发生的深刻变化,其实质是由国家与社会二元一体的结构变为国家与社会二元对立的结构。变化的直接原因是作为国家社会二元一体基础的西周宗法制的崩溃。宗法制的社会基础是农业民族的祖先崇拜心理。春秋战国时代黄河流域人口激增,治水、救灾成为保障农业生产和农业人口正常生活的前提,客观上要求统一和集权。西周松散的社会结构落后于时代需要,最终被统一的中央集权的秦王朝取代,但由于没有也不可能真正摧毁以血缘为基础的社会基层组织,事实上造成了国家与社会二元对立的结构形式。     

黄河与中国历史上的周秦之变

"周秦之变"指的是秦朝与西周相比在社会结构方面发生的深刻变化,其实质是由国家与社会二元一体的结构变为国家与社会二元对立的结构。变化的直接原因是作为国家社会二元一体基础的西周宗法制的崩溃。宗法制的社会基础是农业民族的祖先崇拜心理。春秋战国时代黄河流域人口激增,治水、救灾成为保障农业生产和农业人口正常生活的前提,客观上要求统一和集权。西周松散的社会结构落后于时代需要,最终被统一的中央集权的秦王朝取代,但由于没有也不可能真正摧毁以血缘为基础的社会基层组织,事实上造成了国家与社会二元对立的结构形式。     

转型期社会分层与社会福利制度互动关系探析

我国目前的社会福利制度固化了现有的社会分层结构;而现有的社会分层结构及其未来发展趋势又形塑了社会福利制度的发展。在我国的未来发展过程中,应实现社会福利制度与社会分层之间的良性互动,具体表现为:建立与完善以合理社会分层为客观基础的社会福利制度,同时以社会福利制度作为主要动力促进科学社会分层结构体系的形成。     

英国学派与世界历史研究

在英国学派研究方法中,历史占有重要地位,英国学派依托世界历史在研究方面取得了很大的成就,英国学派也成为历史学和国际关系学的桥梁。根据英国学派的核心概念"国际社会",提出了"首要制度"的概念,这个概念是英国学派对界定国际社会和阐释世界历史变迁标准的一个特殊贡献。首要制度是国际社会的深刻的、不断演化而来的社会结构,包括主权、外交、民族主义、殖民主义以及国际法等。次要制度与之不同,它是被国际关系学的自由主义(制度主义)者所研究的一种建构的、工具性的制度和国际组织。在定义首要制度及其如何产生、发展和消亡后,人们就可以进而关注由它们衍生出来的几种不同类型的国际社会。在此基础上,英国学派以首要制度的变迁为基准,对现代国际社会进行一个简明的世界历史意义上的叙述。最后,反思了全球国际社会的理念和更趋于核心—边缘的现实结构之间的张力,在这种核心—边缘结构中,西方核心和其他各种区域性的国际社会共享各种制度和存有各种分歧。     

制度因素在我国城乡一体化发展过程中的作用分析

文章通过剖析改革开放前后城乡关系的巨大变化,认识到目前城乡不协调的根源在于制度因素,进而分析了城乡一体化与政策制度的关系,探讨了制度因素对城乡一体化的作用机制;之后分析了现有部分政策制度缺陷及对城乡一体化发展的阻碍作用,提出促进城乡一体化发展的相关政策制度的改革创新思路,以期对我国的城乡一体化发展有所裨益。     

Adaptive strategies or ideological innovations? Interpreting sociopolitical developments in the Jequetepeque Valley of Peru during the Late Moche Period

Environmental perturbations and social unrest are thought to have led to the reconstitution of traditional belief systems and hierarchical political relations on Peru’s North Coast during the Late Moche Period (550–800 AD). Ideological transformations are thus commonly interpreted as adaptive or reactive responses to social, political, and ecological disruptions. Nevertheless, religious practices directly shaped the formation of alternative power structures and ecological systems on the North Coast during the Late Moche Period. This is especially evident in Late Moche Jequetepeque, which witnessed the proliferation of non-elite ceremonial sites and small-scale agricultural facilities throughout the rural hinterland of the valley. Moche-inspired ritual performances orchestrated in the countryside created distinctive new forms of political order which structured economic activities and ecological behavior. In this article, the Jequetepeque case study is mobilized to reassess normative interpretations of the role of religious ideology in cultural adaptation and sociopolitical realignment.     

Archaeology and Climate Change: Evidence of a Flash-flood During the LIA in Asturias (NW Spain) and its Social Consequences

This paper presents the results of a multidisciplinary study of the impact of climate change during the Little Ice Age on a medieval village in Asturias, Spain. The research focused on tracing evidence for a catastrophic flood that buried the village beneath a thick layer of debris, including examining the remains of structures and agricultural land sealed beneath the debris, and considering the social and economic implications of the event in the subsequent history of the area. First, a series of test pits was excavated within the area of the modern village to map the full extent of the damage. Following this, analysis of the stratigraphy, architectural remains, datable artefacts and radiocarbon dating contributed further details, while historical evidence revealed the privatisation of the agricultural land following the catastrophe. The findings offer a snapshot of climate change and its social contexts in a specific, under-studied area with possible implications for the study of risk behaviour and disaster response in currently inhabited areas.     

Age determination of Petra's engineered landscape – optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon ages of runoff terrace systems in the Eastern Highlands of Jordan

The unfavourable mountainous environment of the Petra region in southern Jordan was modified by ancient engineers to supply the Nabataean/Roman city of Petra with food and water. The area was reclaimed by installing extended runoff terrace systems and hydraulic structures. The agricultural terrace systems have so far been dated based on surface pottery, and the chronology of the systems is under debate. In this study, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating techniques were successfully applied to date these terrace systems. Samples were taken from the fills of agricultural terraces and underneath their walls to determine the chronology of the construction, use and abandonment of the agricultural terraces. The results suggest that runoff farming in the Petra region started around the beginning of the Common Era, and construction, use and maintenance lasted at least until 800 AD.     

Integrating Local and Regional in Pre-Contact Hawaiian Agriculture at Kahuku,Hawai‘i Island

ABSTRACT

The agricultural systems of the Hawaiian archipelago were some of the most intensive in the Pacific and this scale of intensity is well illustrated by the large agricultural landscapes of leeward Hawai‘i Island. Previous research in the area has centred on understanding the relationship between agriculture, political process, and large-scale environmental conditions. Much of this research has been oriented at the regional level, privileging discussion of elite management and oversight, with only limited investigation exploring farmer-centric adaptation at local scales. In this paper, we assess the integration of local and regional processes in Hawaiian agriculture using recent paired archaeological and ecological data from the Ka‘ū Field System as a case study. We demonstrate the presence of both general patterns previously identified in the archipelago and particular adaptations to the local environment of Kahuku ahupua‘a. In particular, we highlight targeted infrastructural developments that allowed for cultivation of what would otherwise be a difficult cultivation medium within the confines of a larger, likely regionally organised, field system constrained by general soil biogeochemical thresholds. We argue that such investigations provide an increased understanding on how these large-scale agricultural landscapes were formed by integration at multiple social and spatial scales.     

走向知识经济时代的新型城乡关系

21世纪,知识、技术的竞相发展,使社会范式发生转变,从而使整个人类社会走向知识经济时代。在知识社会中,封闭、地区性社会向开放、全球性社会递进,城乡间公平享受社会公共资源。城市与乡村加速发展,城乡关系由传统的对立、两极化向新的协调、一体化发展,市场型城乡关系形成。本文在分析中国城乡关系演变历史的基础上,指出经济关系是城乡关系的主体,城乡社会关系趋于复杂化,城乡生态环境日益形成一个利益共同体,城乡政治关系民主化。     

基于干旱脆弱性的农户系统体制转换及其影响机制——以榆中县中连川乡为例

通过问卷调查和半结构式访谈获取数据,基于社会-生态系统多体制视角,对农户系统体制及状态进行辨识,并构建农户对干旱的脆弱性指数对其进行评价;采用多元logistic模型识别农户系统体制转换影响因素,并从客观动因、主观动因和决定动因三方面,探讨农户系统体制转换的影响机制。研究表明:①研究区农户系统体制从传统农业体制,向新型农业体制和非农型体制转换。农户由于自身转化力不同,转换结果存在差异。②自然环境和社会经济发展驱动系统体制发生转换,农户期望(教育支出和家庭责任)决定转换方向,农户转变生计方式的能力(行为认知、劳动力比重和社会网络)决定转换程度,在其作用下,农户体制和状态出现差异并最终导致脆弱性分异。     

左江流域合理农业结构的探讨

农业系统是一个开放的复杂大系统。系统的功能决定于系统的结构,合理的农业结构应该是充分合理利用农业自然资源和社会经济资源,因地制宜发挥地区的优势,使农业生态效益与经济效益相结合,构成良性循环,达到低投入,高效益,持续稳定增产的目的。本文根据农业系统的开放性、复杂性和层次性,利用系统工程中的结构分解--协调法计算出南宁地区左江流域六县(市)最优的农业结构,即合理的农业结构。为该地区制定经济发展规划提供科学依据。     

Taming the control of chronology in ancient agricultural structures in the Calchaqui Valley,Argentina. Non-traditional data sets

The absolute chronology of the agricultural soil from organic matter has always been difficult to measure due to several reasons. In our work on the Prehispanic agriculture in the Calchaqui Valley – Argentina, however, an absolute chronology is necessary to distinguish the Inca prevalence of the previous agricultural structure. Instead of looking for a new dating methodology, we have used the 14C method trying to eliminate the error sources typical of soils. Thus, we have dated new types of agricultural structures, with the assumption that they would have worked as archaeological “seals”. In the present paper we show that the dating of the beginning of the use of the Prehispanic agricultural systems has been successful.     

城乡空间互动-整合演进中的新型农村社区规划体系设计

本文以城乡空间互动-整合演进的理念为依托,横向思考城市与乡村在社会经济发展、居民理想生活诉求层面的异同,着力探讨新型农村社区规划原理及规划体系的核心内容,指出经济空间互动、生活空间延展、社会文化空间更新、城乡交通空间链接及田园生态景观空间表征是城乡空间互动-整合演进不同阶段新型农村社区规划的基本原理,故农业生产空间规划、农村社区居住空间规划、农村社区公共空间规划、农村社区交通空间规划、农田与绿地空间规划构成了新型农村社区规划体系。新型农村社区规划体系的确立必将对城乡空间的合理规划与管理提供有益的参考。