THE EFFECT OF PURIFICATION AND FIRING OF CLAYS ON TRACE ELEMENT PROVENANCE STUDIES

The effect of purifying, mixing and firing of clays on trace element concentration was systematically investigated using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Eight different clays from two sites in Crete were used together with sherds found around several kilns near the sites. Trace element analysis showed that the extent to which the concentration changes after purification and firing depends on the initial particle size and chemistry of the clay. The calcite concentration plays an essential role in this. An application is made using roof tiles found at the excavation of the ancient city of Pella in Macedonia.     

MOESSBAUER SPECTROSCOPIC,CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF IBERIAN POTTERY

Three types of Iberian pottery from the same excavation and archaeological level have been studied by Moessbauer spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmitted-light polarizing microscopy. The results are compatible with a common origin, a firing temperature below 850 °C, and a different fabrication technique for each pottery type.     

中原地区史前陶窑发展演变研究

陶器是新石器时代的广域性文化遗存之一,明显改变了史前人类包括饮食结构在内的诸多生活方式,并促进了史前文化的繁荣与发展,因而制陶术也被视为史前人类的重大发明之一.以往对制陶技术的研究多集中在制坯成型工艺方面,陶窑结构虽也被纳入考察的范畴,却未能充分考虑烧制技术与陶窑结构之间的内在联系,似乎一直没有把握住陶窑形态结构演变的核心特征.中原地区(本文主要指河南及山西中南部)不仅是新石器时代文化发展的重要区域,也发现有裴李岗文化以来各个阶段的史前陶窑遗存,为探讨史前陶窑的结构演变及烧制技术提供了较系统的实物依据.本文在充分考虑烧制技术的基础上,通过陶窑形态结构分类,力求把握其结构演变的核心特征及演变规律.     

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONAL DATA AND THE COMPARISON OF ANALYSES

Recent statistical work on approaches to analysing compositional data - where variables sum to a constant for each row of a data matrix - may encounter difficulties when applied to data of the kind typically arising in scientific archaeology. The reason is that results obtained may be unsatisfactory from a substantive viewpoint for identifiable technical reasons. This paper explores and illustrates some possible resolutions of the problem. A feature of the approach used is to analyse subsets of the variables on separate scales. A synthesis of the results obtained from separate analyses is essential and the use of multiple correspondence analysis for this purpose is illustrated.     

ON THE INFLUENCE OF DRYING AND FIRING OF CLAY ON THE FORMATION OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATION PROFILES WITHIN POTTERY*

On experimentally fired briquettes made of five chemically and mineralogically different clays, trace element concentration profiles from the centre to the surface of the briquettes have been measured by Neutron Activation in order to examine if drying and firing of the clays lead to a mobilization and subsequent migration of single components within a sherd. Mineralogical changes during firing have been determined by X‐ray diffraction. Generally, no such migration could be found. For two clays, arsenic was lost from the briquette during firing, forming non‐constant concentration profiles. If NaCl is present in the clay paste, sodium migrates towards the surface. Additionally, in the special case in which the presence of NaCl coincides with that of calcite, the heavier alkali elements evaporate, forming significant concentration profiles within the sherd.     

江西省县域经济差异特征及其成因分析

县域经济作为我国国民经济的基本单元,是构造地带经济、经济区、省区、城市等区域经济的基础。我国当前社会经济运行中的主要矛盾如城乡二元结构、区域差异扩大、"三农"问题都集中反映在县域尺度上。因此,对县域经济差异进行剖析,揭示差异形成的机理,对县域经济发展有重要意义。2000年以来,江西省县域绝对差异呈持续扩大趋势,相对差异呈相对稳定趋势,总体差异呈扩大趋势;县域经济在空间上表现为经济发达型、较发达型县市主要分布在中部地区、交通干线和长江沿线地区;欠发达型和不发达型县市呈不规则的环状分布于经济发达、较发达型县市的外围地区;从整体上来看,江西省各县市的发展水平呈现北高南低的分布格局;从县市数量上看,呈现出城市规模"金字塔"结构等特征。     

关于汉代铸钱陶范上铭记的研究

~~关于汉代铸钱陶范上铭记的研究@姜宝莲~~     

PETROGRAPHIC AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POTTERY PRODUCTION OF THE LATE MINOAN I KILN AT HAGHIA TRIADA,CRETE*

Pottery from the Late Minoan I kiln at Haghia Triada in the Mesara Plain, southern Crete, was analysed by a range of techniques, comprising thin‐section petrography, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray fluorescence and neutron activation analysis. The project characterizes the ceramic fabrics and probable raw materials, correlates paste recipes with shape, reconstructs the firing conditions of the kiln and establishes a chemical reference group, taking into account post‐burial alteration and contamination. Comparison of the reference group formed with that from the neighbouring, broadly contemporary, kiln at Kommos shows an unexpected differentiation of the two kilns.     

DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS AND PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS OF 245 AUGUSTAN QUADRANTES

Previously 245 Augustan quadrantes were analysed for seven elements. Physical measurements comprised the weight, maximum thickness and diameter, minimum diameter, and die orientation for each coin. Both chemical and physical data were subjected to discriminant analysis, and centroids in multi-dimensional space were obtained for each of the four groups. A tetrahedron was drawn using the four centroids; each corner was separated from the other groups by a Mahalanobis distance. We hypothesize that the most probable relative chronology comprises the smallest sum of Mahalanobis distances connecting all four points. The most probable chronology for the quadrantes is c. 8, 9, 5, and 4 B.C.     

CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TIN‐LEAD GLAZED POTTERY FROM THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND THE CANARY ISLANDS: INITIAL STEPS TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF SPANISH COLONIAL POTTERY IN THE AMERICAS*

Majolica pottery was the most characteristic tableware produced in Europe during the Medieval and Renaissance periods. Because of the prestige and importance attributed to this ware, Spanish majolica was imported in vast quantities into the Americas during the Spanish Colonial period. A study of Spanish majolica was conducted on a set of 186 samples from the 10 primary majolica production centres on the Iberian Peninsula and 22 sherds from two early colonial archaeological sites on the Canary Islands. The samples were analysed by neutron activation analysis (NAA), and the resulting data were interpreted using an array of multivariate statistical approaches. Our results show a clear discrimination between different production centres, allowing a reliable provenance attribution of the sherds from the Canary Islands.     

PINE RESINS AND POTTERY SEALING: ANALYSIS OF ABSORBED AND VISIBLE POTTERY RESIDUES FROM CENTRAL NEW YORK STATE*

Analysis was performed on absorbed and visible residues from 21 New York State prehistoric pottery sherds dating from 2905 ± 35 bp (Intcal04) (1256–998 cal bc ) to 425 ± 40 bp (Intcal04) (1417–1626 cal ad ). The use of pine resin was detected in 10 of 12 absorbed residue samples and 11 of 17 sherds subjected to visible residue analysis. It seems likely that the pots were resin‐sealed to make them more impermeable, constituting the first chemical evidence of extensive resin‐sealing in North America. A comparison of the results of absorbed and visible residues from eight of the sherds indicates that the two kinds of residue provide complementary evidence of vessel use.     

建国以来新疆人口时空动态变化特征及其成因分析

分析得出,建国以来,新疆人口年均增长率2.79%,明显高于全国平均水平1.54%,属于人口快速增长地区。各族人口增长率有很大的差距,汉族、回族和满族人口的年均增长率远高于全疆和全国同期的增长水平;维吾尔族、哈萨克族、柯尔克孜族、蒙古族、锡伯族、塔吉克族、乌孜别克族、达斡尔族人口的年均增长率,高于全国平均水平,而低于全疆平均水平;俄罗斯族和塔塔尔族人口逐年减少。新疆人口分布的空间变化规律总体分布趋势为西密东疏,北多南少;冲洪积扇缘绿洲地带多,盆地中心稀少。新疆人口密度明显增加,高值区的范围在不断扩大,低值区的范围在缩小。