COAL AND CREMATION AT THE TSCHUDI BURN,CHAN CHAN,NORTHERN PERU*

Analyses of a 20–30 cm thick, completely combusted ash at the 25 × 70 m Tschudi burn at Chan Chan, northern Perú, contain 52–55 wt% SiO₂, 180–210 ppm zirconium and are consistent with coal ash. Soil geochemistry across the burn showed elevated calcium and phosphorus content, possible evidence for reported human cremation. A calcined, 5 g, 4.5 cm skull fragment recovered from the burn was confirmed as human by protein radioimmunoassay (pRIA). X‐ray diffraction showed that the bone had been heated to 520°C. The burn took place c. ad 1312–1438 based on interpretation of a ¹⁴C date on carbonized plant tinder.     

THE MEANS MAY BE A COAL*

Policy analysts, especially those with an economics orientation, tend to talk in terms of goals that deal with (1) effectiveness in achieving benefits, (2) efficiency in achieving them at low costs, and (3) equity or equality of benefits and costs across various groups. Lay people and also policy analysts with a political science background often supplement those substantive goals with procedural ones that emphasize (1) public participation, (2) predictability of decisions, and (3) procedural fairness that facilitates proving one is deserving of benefits or innocent of wrongdoing. Those procedural goals are often sought even at the expense of the substantive goals, not just as means to scoring higher on the substantive goals. Examples can be given for each procedural goal. The notion of procedures as goals-in-themselves should be distinguished from controversies over transcendentalism-pragmatism, incrementalism- rationalism, and other social value controversies.     

基于煤炭调运途径优化的江苏省煤炭物流基地建设

江苏省煤炭资源供需呈生产量小、消费量大,对外依存度不断加大的态势,并且在煤炭调运中省内"北煤南运"运量大、运距长,省外煤炭供应基地较远,大多数铁路线运力已饱和,运输方式、流向单一等一系列问题突出。通过对江苏省煤炭供需和调运中存在问题的分析,提出其煤炭调运途径优化的总体思路是,充分利用国家北煤南运的"海上通道"减轻铁路运输压力,发挥江苏临海沿江的港口优势降低运输成本,建设煤炭物流基地优化调运格局,论文最后论述了建设四大煤炭物流基地的构想:1、以连云港、徐州港为中心的北部煤炭物流基地;2、以盐城港为中心的沿海煤炭物流基地;3、以南通港为中心的"海进江"煤炭物流基地;4、以南京港为中心的沿江煤炭物流基地。     

COAL MINING AND THE RESOURCE CURSE IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES

We measure the effect of resource‐sector dependence on long‐run income growth using the natural experiment of coal mining in 409 Appalachian counties selected for homogeneity. Using a panel data set (1970–2010), we find a one standard deviation increase in resource dependence is associated with 0.5–1 percentage point long‐run and a 0.2 percentage point short‐run decline in the annual growth rate of per capita personal income. We also measure the extent to which the resource curse operates through disincentives to education, and find significant effects, but this “education channel” explains less than 15 percent of the apparent curse.     

CANADA-JAPAN COAL TRADE: AN ALTERNATIVE FORM OF THE STAPLE PRODUCTION MODEL

The Innis model of staple production has been used as the framework for evaluating many Canadian resource trades. This paper argues that Japanese resource trade differs from that with Europe or the United States and that the distinct set of institutional arrangements governing Japanese resource trade requires the modification of the Innis model to recognize this new form of Canadian staple production and trade. The one billion dollars per annum Canada-Japan coal trade provides a detailed case study of the institutional complexity of Japanese resource trade, as revealed through corporate strategies, trade intermediaries, equity investment, loan arrangements, export contracts, and public infrastructure. Minority Japanese investments in joint ventures replace the dominant role of foreign capital in earlier versions of the staples model. The role of finance capital is highlighted by Japanese loans typically exceeding equity investments in size. The high transaction cost of negotiating hundreds of contracts is reduced through the use of sogo shosha (Japanese general trading companies) as intermediaries. Unequal relations are demonstrated by the greater risk borne by local investors as private firms provide equity and public institutions invest in infrastructure. The Quintette mine in northeast British Columbia highlights these risks. Overall, the complexity of the Japanese supply system reduces the bargaining power of any single supplier. However, the stability promoted by the security objectives of the Japanese supply system leads to long-term trading relations that can provide corporate cash flows and maintain community viability during cyclical downturns in the industry. Le modele d'lnnis sur la production des matieres premiéres a servi a analyser les effets du commerce des ressources naturelles au Canada. Le texte maintient que les echanges de ressources naturelles avec lelapon different de ceux qui lient le Canada aux Etats-Unis et à l'Europe, et que la particularité des structures servant à administrer le commerce avec le Japon nécessite une modification du modele d'lnnis vouéà l'analyse des effets de ce commerce. Le texte se penche sur le commerce du charbon entre le Canada et le Japon, dont la valeuratteint 7 milliard$ parannée. Cette étude de cas va permettre de saisir la complexité institutionnelle des échanges ayant trait aux ressources naturelles avec le Japon, perceptible dans les stratégies des corporations, la présence d'intermédiaires, les investissements, les modalités de prêts, les contrats d'exportation et les infrastructures. Les investissements minoritaires des japonais dans des entreprises conjointes remplacent le rôle dominant des investisseurs étrangers caractéristique des modeles antérieurs d'extraction des matieres premieres. Le rôle accru du capital financier est souligné par les prêts des japonais qui exddent habituellement leur achat d'actions. Les hauts cocits transactionnels lie's à la négociation de centaines de contrats est réduit par l'intermédiaire de sogo shosha (compagnies japonaises se spkcialisant dans les échanges entre corporations). Nous constatons l'exis- tence de rapports inégaux olj le gros des risques est assumé par les investisseurs locaux et les agences gou- vernementales qui assurent la mise en place d'infrastructures. La mine Quintette dans le nord-est de la Colombie-Britannique illustre bien ces risques. La complexité du systeme d'approvisionnement japonais réduit les atouts dans les négociations des fournisseurs pris individuellement. It demeure que la stabilité, qui découle des objectifs d'approvisionnement a long terme des japonais, permet d'établir des rapports d'échange durables qui garantissent aux entreprises des revenus persistants ainsi que la prospérité des localites olj se trouvent les opérations d'extraction. Ces localités se trouvent alors soustraites aux effets des cycles économiques.     

THE PROVENANCE AND COAL RANK OF JET BY CARBON-13 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

The carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of jet samples from England and Spain resemble those of carbonaceous materials from lignitic and sub-bituminous ranks. This characterization is based on the aromatic/aliphatic ratio of resonances and on the pattern of fine structure. Particularly characteristic of jet is the well-defined fine structure in the aromatic region that may be attributed to phenolic functionalities. This fine structure is found in all English and Spanish samples. Resonances from rapidly moving methyl groups are found in English but not in Spanish samples and may provide a means of distinguishing provenance.     

中部地区典型煤炭城市接续产业响应模式分析及比较

在煤炭城市转型的基础上采取适宜的转型路径和适当的响应模式,是煤炭城市实现可持续发展的必须条件。本文基于产业生命周期发展理论,在确定中部地区典型煤炭城市接续产业的前提下,利用SOFM模型,将中部地区典型煤炭城市发展接续产业响应模式进行了系统分类,并确定了具体的四类响应模式及相应阶段的特征,最后针对城市煤炭城市接续产业响应模式提出了相应的政策建议。     

蒙东地区与东北三省煤炭资源开发的区域合作研究

我国蒙东地区与东北三省煤炭资源开发的区域合作是建设新兴的蒙东资源基地和振兴东北老工业基地的必然要求。通过在蒙东地区及东北三省的深入调查,发现这两大区域煤炭资源开发的区域合作已经形成一些典型案例,可以分别从上级政府强势干预、地方政府积极推动、中央、地方、企业联动、企业自发参与这四种模式来认识这些案例所反映的区域合作特征、效应与问题。为深入推进蒙东与东北三省煤炭资源开发的区域合作,政府干预应着重协调区域合作的地区格局,促进企业的多元参与,建设跨地区运输通道与生态工程,推进地方政府间的配合与协调。     

极致玩法

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On the Unseriousness of Human Affairs: Teaching,Writing, Playing,Believing, Lecturing,Philosophizing, Singing,Dancing

Abstract

Baker, Paula, ed. Money and Politics University Park: Penn State University Press 120 pp., $19.95, ISBN 0-271-02246-9 Publication Date: October 2002

Swers, Michele L. The Difference Women Make: The Policy Impact of Women in Congress Chicago: University of Chicago Press 200 pp., $45.00 cloth, $16.00 paper ISBN 0-226-78647-1 cloth ISBN 0-226-78649-8 paper Publication Date: October 2002

Brady, David W., and Mathew D. McCubbins, eds. Party, Process, and Political Change in Congress: New Perspectives on the History of Congress Stanford: Stanford University Press 549 pp., $29.95, ISBN 0-8047-4571-4 Publication Date: September 2002

Segal, Jeffrey A., and Harold J. Spaeth The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited New York: Cambridge University Press 459 pp., $70.00 cloth, $25.00 paper ISBN 0-521-78351-8 cloth ISBN 0-521-78971-0 paper Publication Date: September 2002

Bonnicksen, Andrea L. Crafting a Cloning Policy: From Dolly to Stem Cells Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press 232 pp., $39.95 cloth, $21.95 paper ISBN 0-87840-370-1 cloth ISBN 0-87840-371-X paper Publication Date: August 2002

Nelson, Candice J., David A. Dulio, and Stephen K. Medvic, eds. Shades of Gray: Perspectives on Campaign Ethics Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press 262 pp., $46.95 cloth, $18.95 paper ISBN 0-8157-0618-9 cloth ISBN 0-8157-0617-0 paper Publication Date: August 2002

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Cooper, Phillip J. By Order of the President: The Use and Abuse of Executive Direct Action Lawrence: University Press of Kansas 301 pp., $39.95 cloth, $16.95 paper ISBN 0-7006-1179-7 cloth ISBN 0-7006-1180-0 paper Publication Date: June 2002

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Adler, E. Scott Why Congressional Reforms Fail: Re-election and the House Committee System Chicago: University of Chicago Press 263 pp., $55.00 cloth, $19.00 paper ISBN 0-226-00755-3 cloth ISBN 0-226-00756-1 paper Publication Date: May 2002

Hamburger, Philip Separation of Church and State Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press 514 pp., $49.95, ISBN 0-674-00734-4 Publication Date: May 2002

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Camp, Roderic Ai Mexico's Mandarins: Crafting a Power Elite for the Twenty-First Century Berkeley: University of California Press 319 pp., $54.95 cloth, $21.95 paper ISBN 0-520-23343-3 cloth ISBN 0-520-23344-1 paper Publication Date: August 2002

Ivanov, Igor S. The New Russian Diplomacy: Ten Years of Moscow's Foreign Policy Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press 203 pp., $22.95, ISBN 0-8157-4498-6 Publication Date: July 2002

Volkov, Vadim Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the Making of Russian Capitalism Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 224 pp., $17.95, ISBN 0-801-48778-1 Publication Date: September 2002

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Muel-Dreyfus, Francine Vichy and the Eternal Feminine: A Contribution to the Political Sociology of Gender Trans. Kathleen A. Johnson Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press 388 pp., $21.95, ISBN 0-8223-2774-0 Publication Date: October 2001

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Byman, Daniel L. Keeping the Peace: Lasting Solutions to Ethnic Conflicts Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press 280 pp., $22.95, ISBN 0-8018-6804-1 Publication Date: March 2002

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Jung, Hwa Yol, ed. Comparative Political Culture in the Age of Globalization: An Introductory Anthology Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books 464 pp., $80.00 cloth, $26.95 paper ISBN 0-7391-0317-2 cloth ISBN 0-7391-0318-0 paper Publication Date: February 2002

Beissinger, Mark R., and Crawford Young, eds. Beyond State Crisis? Postcolonial Africa and Post-Soviet Eurasia in Comparative Perspective Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press 514 pp., $60.00 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 1-930365-07-1 cloth ISBN 1-930365-08-X paper Publication Date: May 2002

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Tuckness, Alex Locke and the Legislative Point of View: Toleration, Contested Principles, and the Law Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press 206 pp., $49.50 cloth, $17.95 paper ISBN 0-691-09503-5 cloth ISBN 0-691-09504-3 paper Publication Date: October 2002

Edwards, Alistair, and Jules Townshend, eds. Interpreting Modern Political Philosophy: From Machiavelli to Marx New York: Palgrave Macmillan 241 pp., $74.95 cloth, $24.95 paper ISBN 0-333-77241-5 cloth ISBN 0-333-77242-3 paper Publication Date: September 2002

Uslaner, Eric M. The Moral Foundations of Trust New York: Cambridge University Press 298 pp., $65.00 cloth, $23.00 paper ISBN 0-521-81213-5 cloth ISBN 0-521-01103-5 paper Publication Date: July 2002

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Tessitore, Aristide, ed. Aristotle and Modern Politics: The Persistence of Political Philosophy Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press 438 pp., $32.95, ISBN 0-268-02014-0 Publication Date: April 2002

Freeberg, Ellen M. Regarding Equality: Rethinking Contemporary Theories of Citizenship, Freedom, and the Limits of Moral Pluralism Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books 145 pp., $24.95, ISBN 0-7391-0155-2 Publication Date: March 2002

Jamieson, Beth Kiyoko Real Choices: Feminism, Freedom, and the Limits of the Law University Park: Penn State University Press 259 pp., $35.00, ISBN 0-271-02136-5 Publication Date: December 2001