Research briefing

Although pharmacies play an important role in providing information and advice on health issues to lower income people in developing countries, the distribution of urban pharmacies is not balanced with respect to population distribution in some of the districts of Istanbul. This situation can severely limit the accessibility of pharmacy services to the people with lower socio‐economic background. A multiple regression analysis is used in order to find out the factors which affect the spatial distribution of pharmacies in Istanbul. The number of pharmacies in the districts considered is taken as the dependent variable and the number of hospital beds, physicians, population, employment, income, number of educated people and distance to the CBD are taken as independent variables. According to the results, the population of the districts and the number of educated people, physicians and hospital beds are the most important factors affecting the location of pharmacies in Istanbul. The other variables are not found significant in affecting the location of pharmacies at the metropolitan level. Suggestions are made for better distribution of pharmacies and for further research.     

广州市中心城区休闲服务设施区位类型特征的研究

以广州市中心城区为研究地域,以城市常住人口密度作为地域划分标准,引入基尼系数、带间差异系数、带别特化系数对广州市中心城区的休闲服务设施的区位类型进行划分,区分出城区均匀分布、弱城心均匀分布、城区核心集聚和城区局部集聚四类休闲服务设施的区位类型,进而对广州市中心城区的休闲服务设施的分布和微区位特征有一个初步的解读。     

Mental maps,segregation, and everyday life in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania

Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, has a long history as a segregated city. Starting in 1891 the German and then later the British colonial government enacted a series of building ordinances that outlined the styles of construction allowed within different areas of the city. Although these policies applied only to the structures themselves, ultimately they served to divide the city into European/Expatriate, Asian, and African areas. In spite of official attempts to integrate the city, postcolonial Dar es Salaam remains a racially segregated place. This segregation extends beyond residence location and affects all aspects of everyday life such as shopping and recreation. This article uses mental maps drawn by some of Dar es Salaam's residents to illustrate the lingering effects of colonial segregation on the knowledge, perception, and experiences residents have in and of today's city. Expatriate, Asian, and African maps include vastly different locations within the city. Those places considered important enough to map demonstrate that colonialism has continued impacts on the spaces and realities of everyday life in contemporary Dar es Salaam.     

新疆脆弱生态区综合分类及分析

本结合新疆实际,对新疆15个地州进行了脆弱生态区的类型划分。首先建立指标体系,然后借助脆弱度模型和聚类分析方法分别对新疆15个地州的自然条件和经济状况进行分析。得出新疆脆弱生态区的分类结果,按照优劣等级排列为：一类,乌鲁木齐市、石河子市;二类,克拉玛依市、吐鲁番地区、巴州;三类,哈密地区;四类。伊犁地区;五类。塔城地区、博州、阿勒泰地区、昌吉州;六类,喀什地区、和田地区、阿克苏地区、克州。其中经济区位占优势,自然生态环境良好或自然资源丰富的地区是新疆脆弱生态区中极具发展潜力,应该优先发展的地区。     

城市社会区域体系结构公正配置的空间控制原理与路径

从现代人本主义思维出发,以城市社会地理学原理,即从社会空间结构与社区规划角度,探讨城市居民的生活空间的质量构成,体现在城市要满足各阶层居民(社会)生活的空间结构上。而城市(社会)生活的空间结构的健全与否取决于生活空间行为的社区体系与场所体系的空间构成上。主要体现在居民以居住为主的生活行为对立的居舍类型的可获性上。由此,不同阶层居舍类型体系是城市(社会)生活空间质量的区域基础,其空间分布类型的可获性决定对应阶层人群能否获得以居舍为主的生活空间。本文首次从居民选择居住地行为规律以及形成的城市居舍类型空间结构演化的理念下论及城市社会区域空间体系公正配置与空间控制原理。     

黄山屯溪城市游憩需求分析及对策研究

屯溪区作为黄山及众多景区的集散地,随着过往游客的增多以及当地居民收入水平的提高和闲暇时间的增加,城市游憩功能显得尤为重要。通过问卷调查,从游憩场所和活动、游憩目的和游憩时间等方面分别对屯溪区外来游客和当地居民的游憩需求进行分析,最后根据分析结果和实地考察评价提出完善屯溪区城市游憩功能的一些对策。     

广州社区人居环境满意度人群及空间差异特征

以2009年广州大规模调查问卷为基础数据,运用SPSS和ARCGIS分析手段对人居环境满意度的人群及空间差异进行分析。广州市总体满意度"一般",要素之间不平衡的状况严重;满意度存在明显的人群差异,基本上与收入呈现正相关关系;人群差异的空间投影表征为偏低收入群体聚居在中心破败区以及边缘区,"职场白领"等偏高收入群体占据城市的优质资源区域;满意度等值线有从城市新旧中心向边缘逐渐降低的趋势,但在一些明显的发展指向性区域同心圆模式会发生变化,旧城"绅士化社区"与"老街坊社区"、新城"高档社区"与"城中村"反差强烈,满意度空间分异极化,以致形成等值线断崖形态。     

武汉环城游憩地空间演变研究

在国内旅游迅速发展的背景下,环城地区逐渐成为人们近程出游的主要目的地,环城游憩地开发成为热点,相关研究也备受关注。本文以武汉不同时期的游憩区为研究对象,运用相关地理学理论,结合问卷调查,通过分析武汉环城游憩地不同发展时期的空间变化特征,探讨武汉环城游憩地的空间演变规律:环城游憩地推进的逆层次化、区域功能的集聚化、环城游憩地开发的区域一体化三个方面,为环城游憩地的空间结构完善和旅游服务功能发展提供借鉴。     

基于手机数据的北京城市女性职住关系研究

自20世纪70年代以来，女性地理学的研究成为城市地理学关注的热点。本文基于2015年12月1日工作日涵盖所有交通出行方式的手机数据，采用核密度分析、回转半径、网络分析等方法，分别从市域、中心城区、就业集聚区三个空间尺度分析北京城市女性职住关系特征。研究发现：尺度影响女性职住关系特征，大尺度空间范围内的女性职住关系特征不显著；与工作在中心城区的女性相比，郊区女性的职住地联系较紧密；公共服务设施较为完善且以服务业为主导的工作地对女性就业者的吸引力更大。从工作地的角度探究女性职住关系特征，丰富了城市社会地理学和女性主义地理学的研究视角，其研究结果为人性化城市空间建构和设施配置提供理论依据。     

基于购物出行的沈阳市居住与商业空间匹配关系研究

居住与商业空间是影响城市空间布局的重要因素.本研究利用空间分析法、高斯两步移动搜索法和不一致指数测度沈阳市居住与商业空间的分布、居民购物活动的可达性以及居住与商业空间的匹配关系.研究表明:①沈阳市居住设施具有中部强外围弱的空间集聚特征,南部外围居住设施数量较少、集聚程度较弱.②中部太原街、皇城、北站、兴工等都市商贸中心...     

Neoliberalism and Suburban Employment: Western Sydney in the 1990s

During the past 15 years metropolitan planning strategies of the NSW state government have done little to address the spatial distribution of either employment or labour market equity within the metropolis. In the fast‐growing outer western suburbs, the government has focused on attracting business investment to increase the stock of local jobs and to improve employment ‘self‐sufficiency’— a dominantly neoliberal policy framework. This paper explores a widening gulf between the reality of outer urban change and this policy framework by considering changes in the location of jobs and in the employment experiences of residents in Greater Western Sydney (GWS). Evidence is drawn from census journey‐to‐work data (1991–2001). While holding a majority of manufacturing jobs in Sydney, GWS also experienced continued growth of jobs in service industries during the 1990s. Yet the relative importance of employment in the city's fast‐growth finance and business services sector still lags well behind that of inner and northern parts of the city. The focus on growing the regional stock of jobs has not addressed problems of labour market access faced by residents of particular localities and the goal of employment self‐sufficiency has not delivered greater equity to outer suburban labour markets. A focus on sufficiency of access to employment for residents of GWS draws attention not only to regional stocks of jobs but also to the provision of social infrastructure and state‐provided services to outer suburban populations as they continue to expand.     

武汉市职住空间特征及评价

基于武汉市统计年鉴和2011年的问卷调查,利用ArcGIS工具,采用相关空间分析方法,构建总量职住比、独立系数、外出通勤率和外来通勤率的综合职住指标体系,对武汉市职住空间特征和职住匹配关系进行分析和评价,结果表明:武汉市以向心城镇化发展为主,人口和就业集中在中心城区内;城市居住以中央活动区为中心呈现出向外居住用地比重逐渐降低的特征;就业表现出向心集聚的单中心结构,次级就业中心还未形成,但就业聚集区开始向外扩散;虽然武汉市具有形成多中心结构的地理基础,但当前单中心城市结构特征明显;城市通勤以步行和传统公共交通为主,大多组团通勤都发生在邻近组团内;主城区职住失衡状况不明显;新城组群独立性较强,与中心城区联系松散。     

SPATIAL IMPACTS OF AGGLOMERATION EXTERNALITIES*

ABSTRACT This article examines the extent to which agglomeration economies in one location affect employment growth and establishment births, using data from the Dutch province of South‐Holland. The data are of particular interest because they represent a census, rather than a sample, of all establishments and the location of establishments can be pinpointed to within 416 (postal) zip code areas averaging less than 6 km² in size. Results suggest that agglomeration economies positively affect employment growth and the location of new establishments, but with the possible exception of manufacturing, this effect dies out quickly with distance. Thus, the main finding is that for many industries, agglomerative forces may well operate at a geographic scale that is smaller than a city.     

广州城市游憩商业区(RBD)的形成与发展

城市游憩商业区作为城市中一种新的功能区已逐渐成为城市新的空间要素,为旅游者、本地及周边地区的居民承担着提供旅游、休闲、娱乐、购物等功能,并作为城市游憩系统中的重要组成部分。本文对初具规模的广州城市RBD--天河城地段进行实证研究,分析城市RBD的形成过程和发展特点,总结其形成机制。     

信息时代我国电子商铺区位取向的实证分析

随着电子商铺的日益发展,信息时代地理区位的重要性成为地理学所关注的重要问题。以我国淘宝网电子商铺为例,解剖网购交易完成的全过程中所涉及的服务空间、物质往来以及资金交付等,从微观角度对互联网下电子商铺的区位取向进行实证研究。研究表明电子商铺有明显的区位取向,互联网应用技术与普及环境、配送空间的易接近性、第三方支付体系是影响其区位的三个主要因素。区别于传统的商业模式,电子商铺依托于发达的互联网上,不再受实体地理空间限制,但其网络结构式的经营模式使其仍依赖传统的地理区位。     

美国大都市区尺度上的工业区位研究

工业化和城市化之间的互动关系体现在都市区尺度上的工业区位上。本文在新经济地理学和城市地理学所揭示的产品差异化和城市集聚效应相互关系的基础上,通过区位熵分析、赫芬达尔-赫希曼指数,对美国工业区位与大都市区间的耦合关系进行实证研究。结果显示:集聚于大都市区核心区的往往是产品个性化和定制化程度较高的行业;位于大都市区外围区的大都是产品依赖于城市市场,但标准化程度较高的行业;传统制造业则往往位于非大都市区。多数都市工业的市场集中度较低,而大部分传统工业的市场集中度较高。这不仅印证了新经济地理学的理论推演和城市地理学的行业分析,而且对包括中国在内的转型国家城市及其产业发展具有重要的参考意义。     

URBAN GROWTH EXTERNALITIES AND NEIGHBORHOOD INCENTIVES: ANOTHER CAUSE OF URBAN SPRAWL?*

ABSTRACT This paper suggests a cause of low density urban development or urban sprawl that has not been given much attention in the literature. There have been a number of arguments put forward for market failures that may account for urban sprawl, including incomplete pricing of infrastructure, environmental externalities, and unpriced congestion. The problem analyzed here is that urban growth creates benefits for an entire urban area, but the costs of growth are borne by individual neighborhoods. An externality problem arises because existing residents perceive the costs associated with the new residents locating in their neighborhoods, but not the full benefits of new entrants which accrue to the city as a whole. The result is that existing residents have an incentive to block new residents to their neighborhoods, resulting in cities that are less dense than is optimal, or too spread out. The paper models several different types of urban growth, and examines the optimal and local choice outcomes under each type. In the first model, population growth is endogenous and the physical limits of the city are fixed. The second model examines the case in which population growth in the region is given, but the city boundary is allowed to vary. We show that in both cases the city will tend to be larger and less dense than is optimal. In each, we examine the sensitivity of the model to the number of neighborhoods and to the size of infrastructure and transportation costs. Finally, we examine optimal subsidies and see how they compare to current policies such as impact fees on new development.     

城市社区型营业性场所的人本主义布局模式

随着我国市场经济的深入发展和社区理念的引入,当前社区各类场所的规划都越来越受到重视。本文以人本主义的方法论入手,结合城市社会生活空间结构原理,还深入到存在主义"引力区"构成、商娱空间行为场所认知构成、社区资源可接近性－可获性构成及社区阶层化构成,总结出城市社区型营业性场所的四种布局规律。     

南京市住宅价格时空分异格局及其影响因素分析——基于地理加权回归模型的实证研究

以2009-2017年南京市“一主三副”商品房社区为基本研究单元,运用GIS地统计分析中的普通Kriging插值法对“一主三副”住宅价格空间分布进行模拟和估计,并利用地理加权回归（GWR）模型探究社区属性、商业区位、交通区位、服务区位和景观区位等类型变量对住宅价格的影响规律。研究结果表明：①南京市房价总体上呈现主城向副城递减的中心外围模式,“一主三副”住宅价格空间结构呈现出同心圆和扇形融合的混合模型。②中心位势对主城住宅价格影响相对下降,对副城影响相对提升,交通位势表现出相反的趋势,住宅房龄、绿化环境对住宅价格的影响由主城向副城递减,山水景观的影响由长江沿岸向外围递减。③主副城住宅价格影响因素具有空间异质性,其中主城受距CBD距离、住宅建筑年代和绿化率的影响较大,而副城主要受距地铁站距离、距景观资源距离的影响。     

A Multiobjective Approach to Locate Emergency Shelters and Identify Evacuation Routes in Urban Areas

Evacuation planning is an important component of emergency preparedness in urban areas. The number and location of rescue facilities is an important aspect of this planning, as is the identification of primary and secondary evacuation routes for residents to take. This article introduces a multiobjective approach to identify these aspects of evacuation planning. The approach incorporates a multiobjective model into a geographical information systems–based decision support system that planners can access via the Internet. The proposed approach is demonstrated with a case study for the City of Coimbra, Portugal, for evacuation during major fires. Although presented in this context, this approach is applicable to other emergency situations such as earthquakes, floods, and acts of terrorism.