Satellite Cities and Towns of Gor'kiy

The Gor'kiy urban agglomeration is marked by complex relations between the central city and its first- and second-order satellites. The observed tendency for the central city to grow slowly and the satellites to expand rapidly should be encouraged. Industrial construction should be limited within Gor'kiy proper and promoted in the satellites. Many “dormitory” satellites of Gor'kiy lack urban improvements and adequate commuting facilities and should be rebuilt into modern residential towns.     

Sustainable Development, Rolled‐out Neoliberalism and Sustainable Communities

Recent contributions by geographers on the relationships between states and citizens have documented the rise of rolled‐out neoliberalism. Development agendas are, it is argued, increasingly dominated by the principles of market‐driven reforms, social inequality, and a drive towards enhancing the economic competitiveness of the supply side of the economy. However, at the same time, a parallel set of discourses has emerged in the development literature which argues that it is principles of sustainable development that have, in practice, become dominant. The emphasis is, instead, on democratic empowerment, environmental conservation, and social justice. This paper examines the relationships between these ostensibly very different interpretations of contemporary development with an assessment of one of the Labour government's most ambitious planning agendas—the publication in February 2003 of the document Sustainable Communities: Building for the Future . The proposals are promoted as a "step change" in the planning system with a new emphasis on tackling shortages of housing in the South East and reviving the economy of the Thames Gateway area. The paper assesses the different ways in which such programmes can be interpreted and argues that contemporary development practices in countries such as Britain are constituted by a hybridity of approaches and rationalities and cannot be reduced to simple characterisations of rolled‐out neoliberalism or sustainable development.     

铁路与山西城镇的变动：1907—1937

本文以太原、榆次、大同、平遥、太谷、忻县、阳泉等城镇的兴衰变迁为个案,通过对铁路运输体系的发展、转运业的发达、区域经济的变迁等影响近代山西城市化进程的重要因素的系统分析,揭示了以铁路为代表的现代化交通运输体系在带动山西经济日益现代化、改变传统城镇格局、引导山西经济现代化发展方向等方面至关重要的作用。     

A European Programme for Skills to Deliver Sustainable Communities: Recent Steps Towards Developing a Discourse

Arguments about the need to improve “skills for sustainable communities” have emerged recently in the context of debates around spatial and territorial polices for the EU. This debate has been driven by the UK government as part of its contribution to framing debates around what should follow on from the European Spatial Development Perspective. A programme to shape spatial policy discourse around a skills agenda within EU policy circles was mounted, with considerable UK government support, and this paper explores the success of this attempt, using concepts familiar within environmental policy discourse analysis. We suggest that the attempt met with some success, but achieved a lower level of policy influence than was hoped for, and the paper goes on to examine the reasons for this.     

英国殖民城市模式考察

英国在殖民化中确立了具有自身特色的英国殖民城市模式.其主要内容有:提出殖民城市规划建设模式的目标;推出土地授予和分配制度;确保城市规划先于城镇建设;规定城市规划的标准和布局;预留公共用地和绿化带,避免过度商业开发.英国殖民城市模式在其存在的4个世纪里发生演变和扩散大体上经历了5个时期.殖民城市模式在城市化的进程中起到了十分重要的指导性作用.其主要特点为:英国及其殖民地政府在殖民城市模式的形成、制定过程中占据主导地位;殖民城市模式的实施建立在侵略掠夺殖民地人民的基础之上;殖民城市模式的要素构成相对稳定,具有明显的延续性;殖民城市模式的实施具有多样化的特征;殖民城市模式受到殖民地客观条件的制约;殖民城市模式对世界碱市化具有一定的影响力.     

浅谈资源枯竭型城市实现可持续发展的对策

资源型城市因矿而兴,在计划经济时期为新中国的经济建设做出了巨大的贡献,当资源逐渐枯竭,各种矛盾凸显,城市发展开始面临前所未有的危机。本文就资源枯竭型城市的现状和存在的问题作了综合分析,探讨了资源枯竭型城市如何转型的问题,并就其实现可持续发展提出了对策。     

Re‐phasing Neoliberalism: New Labour and Britain's Crisis of Street Homelessness

In this paper we continue the task of fleshing out understandings of "actually existing neoliberalism". More specifically, drawing on the work of Tom Ling, we suggest that Peck and Tickell's recent distinction between periods of roll‐back/roll‐out neoliberalisation can usefully be supplemented by the identification of a second, more powerful moment of roll‐out neoliberalism—described by Ling in terms of the shift from a system of governance to one of "governmentality". Illustrating our argument with an analysis of changing central government responses to a crisis of street homelessness in 1990s Britain, however, we draw attention to the uneven and often contrary effects of recent government policy in this field. The paper therefore concludes with a warning of the need to temper a reading of the juggernaut of roll‐out neoliberalism with an awareness of the incomplete and plain "messy" character of actually existing neoliberalisation.     

近代英国城市群落与城市发展定位

在工业化和城市化进程中 ,近代英国城市的数量不断增加 ,规模不断扩大 ,英国成为世界上第一个城市化国家 ,并在一定区域内形成了较大的城市群落。群落内各个城市依托各自的资源禀赋和传统优势创造自己的特色 ,体现了城市专业化与多样性的有机结合。它不仅避免了各个城市之间的产业结构趋同和恶性竞争 ,而且能够相互配合 ,以各自的特色和优势取长补短 ,使城市群落发展成一个统一的有机体系 ,取得整体大于局部相加总和的效应。     

The Territorial Approach to Cultural Economy: New Opportunities for the Development of Small Towns

In recent years, there has been a notable development of research on the role of culture in regional and local development models and on the relevance of the so-called cultural economy. Despite the existence of several nuances, it is possible to identify two basic research approaches to the issue. The first is focused on analysing the industry of culture, showing the processes of concentration of cultural activities in some places and the links with other sectors of the local economy. The other approach, more oriented towards the territory, emphasizes the role that a system of cultural assets can play in the dynamics of economic and social development of a specific area. In contrast to the first, which concerns larger cities, the territorial approach privileges medium- and small-sized towns and rural areas. In adopting this perspective, we present the case study of Volterra, a small Italian town whose cultural heritage has been considered in recent years as the main local development driver. By means of a direct survey and interviews with opinion leaders, we have attempted to assess the perceptions and reactions of residents and visitors and to identify the connections between the local heritage, cultural activities and strategies of urban development.     

The Matabeleland Massacres: Britain's wilful blindness

This article explores an episode of post-colonial state violence in the newly independent Zimbabwe, namely state-sanctioned atrocities by the army unit known as Fifth Brigade, perpetrated against the Ndebele of Matabeleland and Midlands region. This episode of political and ethnic violence that occurred between 1983 and 1987 is referred to as both the Matabeleland Massacres and Gukurahundi. Members of the British government in Zimbabwe, which included a British Military Advisory Training Team (BMATT) on the ground, were intimately aware of the violence that resulted in the death of between 10,000 and 20,000 people. This article analyses official British and US government communications between the British High Commission, Harare, and the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the Cabinet Office, the Prime Minister's Office and the Ministry of Defence, London, as well as between the US Department of State and the US Embassy in Harare. Analysis of the documents dated between January and March 1983 sheds a critical new lens on Gukurahundi, establishing what knowledge was available to the British and US governments about the persistent and relentless atrocities taking place; the diplomatic approaches pursued by both governments in response; and their rationale for same. The hitherto unavailable material presented here was obtained by Freedom of Information requests to various British Government offices and to the US Department of State. Analysis establishes that the British High Commission, Harare, had detailed knowledge of events unfolding in Matabeleland from an early stage of Gukurahundi, yet senior members of BMATT and the British diplomatic team in Harare, in contrast to their US counterparts, were consistent in their efforts to minimise the magnitude of Fifth Brigade atrocities. That the British government chose to adopt a policy of wilful blindness towards the atrocities undoubtedly constituted naked realpolitik.     

论少数民族地区商业中心城镇的形成发展及其类型划分

本文分析了少数民族地区商业中心城市形成的必要条件及其作用,在此基础上,依据人口、社会经济状况和城市规模、年社会商品零售总额,以及在民族地区经济发展中的地位与作用,对我国少数民族地区商业中心城市(镇)的类型划分做了新的尝试。     

Greening the Cage: Exploitation and Resistance in the (Un)Sustainable Prison Garden

The current popularity of prison greening coincides with a reformist project in carceral administration centring the “rehabilitation” and “transformation” of incarcerated people, finding a natural home in the prison garden. In contrast to mainstream literatures that celebrate reform and foreground recidivism, I argue that the prison garden is exploited institutionally for the symbolic power of “green” to help resolve a crisis of legitimacy in prisons, and thereby capitalism, depoliticising the violence of incarceration while reproducing the symbolic conditions of racial capitalism through two different socioecological (prison) fixes. This proceeds in strikingly similar ways to urban sustainable development, which regularly depoliticises and extends racial and spatial injustice across the city. Yet, in its tensions and contradictions, the (un)sustainable prison garden remains a space where radical possibilities can emerge through moments of resistance, constituting various tenets of a precarious carceral food justice praxis.