旅游目的地供应链概念模型的构建

供应链的概念最初是为了解决企业内部各职能部门之间流通不畅、存货和能力配置不合理的问题而提出的,其后扩大到企业之间形成一个整体的功能网链结构模式。旅游供应链概念最早始于对分销渠道的分析,虽然随着旅游供应链实践发展的深入和理论探讨的增多,学者们从不同角度对其展开了深入研究,但目前在旅游供应链概念理解上尚未达成共识。本文从旅游目的地角度出发,结合对旅游供应链概念的分析和认识,提出了本文的旅游目的地供应链概念,并在对旅游目的地供应链构成主体进行分析的基础上。提出了旅游目的地供应链概念模型,以期对旅游目的地供应链建设有所帮助。     

2018年湖北省旅游供需的空间结构特征分析——以A级景区为例

以湖北省内A级景区和客源地为研究对象,运用数理统计和空间计量方法系统探究旅游供需的空间结构特征.结果表明:①湖北省旅游供需要素具有较强的集聚分布态势,供需状况整体较差且区域差异显著,呈现明显的资源和人口指向性;②客源密集的江汉平原腹地和交通不便、高等级景区稀疏的外围边缘山区供需联系强度较低,高等级景区集聚的区域供需联系...     

Spatial variation in populist right voting in Austria, 2013–2017

The recent wave of populism sweeping Europe and the Americas generated considerable interest among political scientists, economists, sociologists and to some extent, geographers. The vast majority of these studies focuses on individual voter decisions or national comparisons over time but neglects the within-country spatial variation of the populist vote. This paper addresses this shortcoming and applies spatial econometric techniques to explore possible explanations for spatial variation in the increase of the populist right vote between the 2013 and 2017 national elections in Austria for 2118 municipalities. Spatial variation in voting shares can result from (1) compositional effects, regional differences in the composition of voters with different characteristics, (2) broad spatial, historically evolved institutional differences, such as membership to one of the nine states, (3) unequal integration of different types of regions into the global economy, such as peripheral regions, central urban regions, old industrial regions or tourist areas, (4) spatial vote spillovers due to localized social networks, and (5) unobserved spatial processes. We find that the populist right vote gains in Austrian municipalities are affected by all processes, but that the type of regions becomes insignificant once we correct for unobservable spatial structures in the regression framework. The increase in the share of foreigners, the share of foreigners, income and inequality levels, educational differences, selected state membership, as well as spatial spillovers of populist right voting are all important to explain spatial variation in the rise of the populist right vote.     

旅游拥挤事件的形成因素及作用路径研究

借助百度和谷歌搜索引擎的聚合新闻检索功能,获取国内典型旅游拥挤事件的新闻报道作为案例数据,应用扎根理论分析方法,提炼出旅游拥挤事件的形成因素及作用路径。研究发现：①旅游拥挤事件的形成是旅游者受到旅游需求和供给的“推-拉”,并在假期制度限制下产生的旅游客流时空集中现象;②恶劣天气、地形交通、行为干扰等因素会催化客流压力,对景区承载能力构成威胁,进而产生旅游拥挤现象;③景区规划、监测预警、信息发布和应急处置等环节的不足则会导致拥挤现象的影响面扩大,最终发酵为具有一定负面社会影响的旅游拥挤事件;④旅游拥挤事件包括客流压力型、突发因素型、管理失误型和行为干扰型四种作用路径。避免或减少旅游拥挤事件发生,需要从景区信息化、文明旅游、供给优化和完善休假等方面进行管理调控。     

A geographic assessment of 'total' health care supply in Ontario: complementary and alternative medicine and conventional medicine

Shortages of family physicians, specialists and other personnel working within the realm of conventional medicine (CM) concern citizens in many regions and municipalities in Canada. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches (such as chiropractic, holistic, homeopathic, naturopathic, massage and acupuncture) are increasingly used in conjunction with, or in some cases as replacements for, conventional medicine. Thus, to get an idea of 'total' health care supply in a jurisdiction and to draw comparisons between locations, it is useful to understand the spatial tendencies of both CM and CAM offices. With the use of a sample that contains the location, employment and sales of 4,955 CAM and 8,709 CM offices, this study details the spatial patterns of health care supply in the Canadian province of Ontario. The analysis comprises three main parts. First, the geographic tendencies of CAM and CM office activity are revealed in per capita terms and while regional differences are detectable, the main contrast is that CAM displays a much more even distribution across the urban-rural continuum in comparison to CM. Second, through the use of location quotients and a local spatial autocorrelation analysis, it is shown that certain municipalities (especially in Ontario's southwest and south-central regions) specialize in CAM and the most outstanding spatial feature is an '81 municipality CAM cluster' that represents arguably the pinnacle of CAM activity in the province. CM specialization is rarer and is biased towards the more populated municipalities. Third, a Spearman's correlation analysis suggests that CAM and CM health care supply are associated with community well-being indictors and urban density measures.     

LOCAL TAX BURDENS AND THE SUPPLY OF BUSINESS SITES IN SUBURBAN MUNICIPALITIES*

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of local household tax burdens and other community attributes on the supply of business sites made available by local municipalities. A model of community site supply is tested in which municipalities trade off increased fiscal benefits from business location and reductions in environmental quality that accompany industrial and commercial development. This tradeoff is embodied in municipal zoning decisions. Empirical analysis of industrial and commercial zoning in two rapidly growing suburban counties of the Philadelphia metropolitan area provides considerable support for the tenets of community site supply theory.     

丝绸之路外国旅游者旅游动机及旅游行为特征——基于跨文化比较的视角

本文以丝绸之路外国旅游者为例,选取西安、敦煌、乌鲁木齐和喀什4个城市为研究地点,采取问卷调查和访谈相结合的方式获取一手资料,从跨文化比较的视角,深入分析了5个文化类别国家的旅游者在旅游动机和旅游行为特征方面的差异。研究结果表明：旅游者主要推力因素是拓展视野,主要拉力因素是旅游景点,且5个文化类别国家的旅游者在推拉因素上存在一定差异;各文化类别旅游者在旅游计划、旅游方式、计划停留天数和旅游路线安排等行为特征方面有显著差异。研究结果表明文化因素对旅游者旅游动机和行为特征均有影响。     

旅游度假区开发观论析--对当前旅游规划中若干问题的思考

本文认为,旅游度假区供需方结合的3个关键点是：兼顾观光与休闲,重视非假期（日）的经营效益,研究休闲的具体活动内容。本文剖析了旅游度假区自然与文化的两大独立板块,阐明了旅游度假区规划中文化元素的选择与组合,并提出了开发的一般策略。     

经济欠发达地区旅游公路网络发展对策研究--以陕北黄土高原旅游公路网络的分析为例

本文通过对陕北黄土高原地区区内旅游公路网络的平均通达度和相对连通性的分析发现：陕北黄土高原地区旅游公路交通的平均通达度和相对连通性地区差异较大;旅游公路网络存在支线公路建设滞后、通达深度不够、知名景点的通达度差、各景点间联系不够紧密等问题。针对上述问题,本文提出了加强该区旅游公路交通网络建设的对策。     

中国乡村旅游驱动力因子及其系统优化研究

我国乡村旅游系统主要由城市居民、农民、旅游业、政府4个子系统构成。各个子系统在乡村旅游中的基本诉求,形成了乡村旅游的需求动力、供给动力、营销动力和扶持动力,构成了乡村旅游发展的核心动力系统。文章通过对乡村旅游动力系统中8个驱动因子的分析,认为各个驱动因子间存在一定的摩擦,影响系统效能的发挥,并给出了相应的系统优化建议。     

Bordering dynamics and the geopolitics of cross-border tourism between China and Myanmar

The impacts of border politics on tourist mobilities become even more explicit in unstable and geopolitically sensitive borders. The balance between security and economy in the course of tourism development can be easily disrupted at these unstable borders, as shown in the case between China and Myanmar. This article explores the enabling and disabling of cross-border tourist mobilities— legal day trips for sightseeing and illegal border-crossers for gambling—to reveal how these two tourist mobilities are driven by differences (exotic culture vs. sinful gambling) and regulated by Chinese law enforcements (protective control vs. stringent deterrence). We find that borders can both invoke a special type of fascination among tourists and become a territorial barrier to limit tourist mobilities into foreign countries. The article presents two arguments. First, the operation of bordering dynamics discursively produces the geopolitical difference between two sides of the border, a difference allowing state agencies to promote and order cross-border tourism. Second, no matter how much it can contribute to the local economy, the cross-border tourism industry is subordinated to security concerns caused by illicit activities and political instability, particularly when national governments can effectively exercise power in their border regions. Together, the interlinked pattern of debordering for tourist money and rebordering for national security generates an explicit spatial expression of bordering dynamics.     

不同类型旅游地竞合关系研究——基于旅游者忠诚差异分析

旅游地竞合关系是旅游地理学研究的重要内容。旅游地竞合关系的实质是客源市场的竞合,它主要通过旅游者忠诚来体现。本文通过构建旅游者满意与旅游者忠诚的结构方程模型（SEM）,以观光旅游者、乡村旅游者和城市旅游者为研究对象,通过分析旅游者满意与旅游者忠诚3个维度的具体关系来考察3种类型旅游者忠诚的异同,并探讨了不同类型旅游者忠诚差异产生的原因,在此基础上归纳、总结出不同类型旅游地竞合关系及其影响因素。     

An Industrial-Archaeological Approach to the Mineral Loading Docks in Rande Strait,North-Western Spain

During the 20th century, the need for raw material promoted a commercial transportation trade of iron ores from the deposits in north-western Spain, where Vigo city was considered one of the most important ports. The global energy crisis in the 1970s, as well as the strong competition from other exporting countries, dented the prolific activity of companies dedicated to the extraction and trading of iron ore. The main goal of this article is the evaluation of one particular element of the mining and industrial heritage — two old mineral loading docks in Ría de Vigo in the Rande Strait, linking the municipalities of Redondela and Moaña. Their development as a tourist resource would add to the cultural and economic activities already developed in the area.     

Connecting Municipal and Regional Level Planning: Analysis and Visualization of Sustainability Indicators in Bergslagen,Sweden

Sustainable development as a process towards sustainability requires collaboration among societal actors and stakeholders at multiple levels. A key issue is to provide them with that they have comprehensive and transparent knowledge base representing the state and trends of different dimensions of sustainability. This study addresses the need to analyse and present data of sustainability as a foundation for the sustainable development process within municipalities, and among them. As a case study, we focus on 18 municipalities in the crisis-struck Bergslagen region in Sweden and compare them with 101 surrounding municipalities. Data from 2001 and 2006 on 15 indicators representing ecological, economic and social sustainability criteria were transformed to a common scale through normalization around the median, and summarized. Bergslagen region municipalities performed poorer than the surrounding ones for all dimensions in 2006. The change from 2001 to 2006 was positive for economic and social criteria, while the ecological dimension developed negatively in all municipalities. We stress the need for municipalities to collaborate with each other and other actors both at municipal and regional levels, and to use sustainability indicators as a base for informed planning processes. We propose visualization of indicators using maps to support decision-making and social learning.     

中国城市旅游集散中心模式的对比分析——兼论旅游集散中心的功能与形成机制

中国的大型城市为了解决巨量散客出游的问题,由上海率先建立了“旅游集散中心”的散客旅游服务模式,目前已经被证明适用于中国现行体制下的特大型城市,符合城市旅游发展之需。国内其它许多城市也跟着建设了名为“旅游集散中心”的机构,但是仔细比较可以发现,这些机构虽然表面名称一致,在体制和运行机制上却存在较大差异,实际运行效果也很是不同。文章比较分析了上海、杭州、成都、北京以及其它若干城市的旅游集散中心在体制、机制与运行效果上的异同点,并探讨了旅游集散中心的本质特征与形成机制,强调了它的准公共产品属性。     

Sustainability of the tourist supply chain and governance in an insular biosphere reserve destination: the perspective of tourist accommodation

ABSTRACT

Small islands in peripheral regions are currently perceived as attractive tourist destinations. Governance plays an important role as a strategy for the revival of such destinations to achieve a more productive, environmental, social and sustainable management structure. ‘Good’ governance of a destination depends on all the actors involved in the tourism network. Such governance requires a redefinition of relations between government and society and minimal boundaries between public and private sectors. This paper has analysed the level of implementation of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in a tourist destination that is a biosphere reserve (BR), the island of Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain), from a comprehensive approach involving a tourism supply chain (TSC) with private and public agents. The focal firms analysed within the TSC have been tourist accommodation establishments in Fuerteventura. The paper shows that the level of involvement of tourist accommodation in CSR is positive. However, this involvement is not sufficiently high to meet the requirements of a destination designated as a BR. Therefore, coordination policies should be developed that promote governance systems and further enhance sustainability in the destination.     

遗产旅游真实性理解差异与遗产地管理

不同的利益相关者对遗产旅游真实性的理解存在差异,游客、居民、旅游经营者对遗产旅游真实性理解差异较大,并且有着各自的利益诉求.本文从遗产旅游与真实性的概念剖析入手,分析与比较和利益相关者的真实性概念理解差异,以及这种理解差异造成的遗产旅游地发展恶性循环,探讨了如何通过构建真实性的手段来管理遗产旅游地.     

Spatial influence of attractions on tourism development

Destination planning raises questions relative to spatial organization within the destination and to the spatial extent of the gains generated by attractions. Thus, it is important to increase understanding and knowledge of the mechanisms by which attractions generate tourism development. The aim of this study is to analyze how tourist attractions influence tourism development within destination and what the spatial extent of this influence is. It is argued that both the appeal of tourist attractions and their spatial characteristics are determining factors. Thus, distinguishing local, spread, and diffuse attractions is essential and specific indicators were created to that purpose. Using count data models, an econometric analysis was conducted in order to test the effect of attractions on the number of hotel rooms in 2015 on the one hand, and on the number of employees in the tourism sector in 2014 on the other, in French municipalities. The study brings several original results. First, as in the case of green areas, some attractions may trigger the emergence of tourism development but may also have a depressive effect on the level of tourism development when they exceed a certain threshold. Second, the influence of sport and leisure facilities is more limited in space than for ski slopes, beaches and tourist sites, which confirms that the appeal of attractions determine the spatial extent of tourism development. Third, beyond a distance threshold, some attractions can generate negative spatial spillovers and have a depressive effect on tourism development.     

基于体验旅游的景区廊道空间设计

旅游的本质是追求心理的愉悦体验[1],旅游景区实际是为旅游者创造和提供体验舞台、体验道具进而使其达到不同的体验效果的地理空间。基于体验效用差异,景区廊道空间扮演了体验的引导作用,其廊道空间体验类型包括推进型和对比型两类;借用旅游体验场理论和形式美学理论,对景区廊道空间设计着重应从旅游审美主体的五官功能感受入手,尤其是视觉和听觉体验设计;在具体设计时还应注意体验主题、景区资源和游客主体体验经验差异的影响。     

旅游地公共交通性能的游客感知研究——以黄山市为例

以黄山市为案例,研究了旅游地公共交通性能感知维度及其游客满意度水平。结果显示:(1)利用游客对黄山市公共交通性能各要素的重要性评价数据,得出黄山市公共交通性能的维度由"公共交通的时间性"、"公共交通的便捷性"、"公共交通的合理性"、"公共交通的安全性"等构成。(2)在游客对黄山市公共交通性能的满意度评价上,游客对黄山市公共交通性能18个要素的满意度评价均在3.4以上,对黄山市公共交通整体满意度也为3.66;从维度上看,"公共交通的安全性"评价最高(均值为3.81),其次是"公共交通的时间性"(3.6),"公共交通的便捷性"和"公共交通的合理性"分别为3.57和3.5;同时回归方程分析表明,"公共交通的时间性"和"公共交通的便捷性"2个维度对黄山市公共交通整体满意度产生显著影响。(3)分析得到游客对黄山市公共交通性能各要素的重要性和满意度评价的IPA方格图,包括优势区(含8个公共交通性能要素)、弥补区(含3个要素)、忽略区(含6个要素)、保持区(含1个要素)。