Spatial Inequality Between and Within Urban Areas: The Case of Israeli Cities

Central areas enjoy greater efficiency in the production of goods and services than do outlying areas. Because of the inherent advantages of central areas over outlying areas, disparities among regions do not vanish over time. On the contrary, centripetal forces increase inequalities across space. The phenomena of increased globalization, trade liberalization and treaties among countries not only enable the flow of labour, products (export) and foreign direct investment but also help reduce spatial inequality between countries. These phenomena also induce greater spatial economic concentration within a country. Thus, although disparities among countries decrease, a widening gap is observed between regions within countries and within large urban areas. In the empirical part, we analyse the general patterns of spatial inequality found among 55 localities in Israel with population size over 20,000. Looking at the spatial inequality relationship, both within and between cities in Israel, we show how all economic indicators measured, including inequality, decrease with distance from the core. Localities in the periphery that experience greater equality also experience lower average income, lower education, less self-employment and more unemployment.     

Exploring a Relationship Between Aggregate and Individual Levels Spatial Data Through Semivariogram Models

Analysis of social data is frequently done using aggregate-level data. There may not be a direct interest in spatial relationships in the data, but the presence of spatial interdependence may still need to be taken into account. This article explores the aggregation effect from a spatial perspective by assuming nonzero covariance for individual data from two different groups. We investigate the bias associated with aggregate-level data for semivariogram analysis. We show that the bias mainly arises from the average of the semivariogram within the groups. It is also shown how aggregated-level data may be used to estimate parameters of an individual-level semivariogram model. A nonlinear regression method is proposed to carry out this estimation procedure and a simulation is done to clarify the results.     

Learning to Innovate: Building Regional Technology Development Learning Networks in Midsized Cities

There has been increased attention to the importance of knowledge in economic success. The ability of a region to develop learning capabilities has been linked to knowledge-based success. However, conflicting perspectives exist about whether and how it is possible for policies and institutions in a lagging location to foster a learning region. This article examines this debate in the context of an effort to develop a second region of innovation (outside of Atlanta) in the US state of Georgia through a learning network called the Midsize Cities Technology Development Initiative. This initiative partnered four midsized cities in Georgia with four European midsized cities to stimulate benchmarking and learning. While traditional perspectives on economic development persist, some learning and reorientation of strategy was evident in the participating US cities. In stimulating these changes, significant roles were played by outsiders in brokering interaction and imparting fresh ideas, in strengthening ties to research and innovation capabilities in the core Atlanta metropolis, and in building new local institutions. A major new state-sponsored programme (the Centers of Innovation) with local presence in each of the four cities resulted from the effort. Still, it remains to be seen how learning will continue and whether a fully fledged second region of innovation will emerge in Georgia.     

新中国成立以来发展观与发展模式的历史互动

新中国成立以来,党和政府形成了三代各具特色而又相互联系的发展观。即:1949-1978年间的经济增长导向型发展观,1979-1994年间的经济发展导向型发展观,1995至今的经济社会进步导向型发展观。中共十六届三中全会提出的新发展观之所以是科学发展观,是因为它是在与发展模式的历史互动中形成的,是对建国以来经济发展模式进行科学思考的产物,是对建国以来中国几代领导人发展观进行辩证扬弃的结果。     

Collaboration for Local Economic Development: Business Networks,Politics and Universities in Two Swedish Cities

In this article we want to show how conceptions about collaboration for local eocnomic development in Sweden are constructed on national and local levels. We also show how these conceptions have been realized in two different company networks; in the city of Östersund (“Odenskog företagsstaden”) and in the city of Karlskrona (“Telecom City”). In politics and research, local collaboration or cluster formation are viewed as important tools and levers for local economic development. However, we argue that the local labour markets and unemployment rates in our case studies do not differ significantly, despite very different strategies for collaboration. Therefore, we suspect that the political focus on collaboration is a way of legitimizing the change in regional policy rather than a delegation of real power to the local level. If this continues, we fear that the current regional policy is reduced to a discourse of popular concepts rather than a real instrument for local economic development.     

Spatial Analysis and Economic Development

This section is open for comments and debate on articles published in Development and Change , as well as for short reports, notes, views and reviews on relevant issues of development.     

Population Distribution and Spatial Structure in Transitional Chinese Cities: A Study of Nanjing

Two geographers use population surface model techniques to analyze the distribution of population in Chinese cities. Focusing on Nanjing, they utilize detailed urban land use and building distribution data to develop a productive alternative method to reveal spatial variations in the distribution of inhabitants. The findings indicate that despite suburbanization, Nanjing remains a compact city with a population density that declines rapidly as distance from its central business district increases. Also, suburbanization has been limited to an inner area where population is densely distributed while commercial and office development is less prominent. Lastly, commercial activities influence the distribution of urban inhabitants and suburbanization more significantly than industrial development in suburbia. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O15, O18, R12, R14. 9 figures, 3 tables, 37 references.     

论全面建设小康社会与共同富裕的统一性

全面建设小康社会与共同富裕是辩证统一的。邓小平当年提出的小康社会就是共同富裕的社会,全面建设小康社会的目标就是共同富裕的目标,全面建设小康社会和共同富裕都是社会主义现代化建设的重要内容,全面小康和共同富裕在实现途径上都要把发展作为第一要务。     

Leading Indicators and Spatial Interactions: A Crime-Forecasting Model for Proactive Police Deployment

We develop a leading indicator model for forecasting serious property and violent crimes based on the crime attractor and displacement theories of environmental criminology. The model, intended for support of tactical deployment of police resources, is at the microlevel scale; namely, 1-month-ahead forecasts over a grid system of 141 square grid cells 4000 feet on a side (with approximately 100 blocks per grid cell). The leading indicators are selected lesser crimes and incivilities entering the model in two ways: (1) as time lags within grid cells and (2) time and space lags averaged over grid cells contiguous to observation grid cells. Our validation case study uses 1.3 million police records from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, aggregated over the grid system for a 96-month period ending in December 1998. The study uses the rolling-horizon forecast experimental design with forecasts made over the 36-month period ending in December 1998, yielding 5076 forecast errors per model. We estimated the leading indicator model using a robust linear regression model, a neural network, and a proven univariate, extrapolative forecast method for use as a benchmark in Granger causality testing. We find evidence of both the crime attractor and displacement theories. The results of comparative forecast experiments are that the leading indicator models provide acceptable forecasts that are significantly better than the extrapolative method in three out of four cases, and for the fourth there is a tie but poor forecast performance. The leading indicators find 41–53% of large crime volume changes in the three successful cases. The corresponding workload for police is quite acceptable, with on the average 5.2 potential large change cases per month to investigate and with 31% of such cases being positives.     

校地合作 助力开发区建设

<正>优先发展教育事业。要全面贯彻党的教育方针,落实立德树人根本任务,发展素质教育,推进教育公平,培养德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人。完善职业教育和培训体系,深化产教融合、校企合作。加快一流大学和一流学科建设,实现高等教育内涵式发展。支持和规范社会力量兴办教育。     

Complementarities Between Universities and Technology Institutes: New Empirical Lessons and Perspectives

This paper investigates the different roles played by universities and technology institutes (TIs) as innovation partners of firms. Comparing the characteristics of Spanish firms collaborating with these agents allows us to better define complementarities among the target groups of these organizations. Our findings show that those firms collaborating with universities are bigger, have higher internal capabilities and are less dependent on their external relationships while firms collaborating with TIs are smaller, have weaker internal capabilities but are more open to their environment and thus more reliant on external sources. We point to the implications of these findings for regional development. Universities have a role as partners of more technologically advanced firms. TIs, on the other hand, partner those firms, which though also quite advanced, require more external help in their innovation processes. These results should help policy-makers in the definition of more complex regional strategies and the provision of tools aimed at different goals. Managers of universities, TIs and client firms should find these results of help in developing more positive collaborations with one another.     

Exploring Relationships Between the Global and Regional Measures of Spatial Autocorrelation

Abstract The objective of this research is to investigate dimensions of geographic variation in spatial dependency contained within large multilevel data sets. We calculate 1990 population density by census block group, county, and state for the 48 coterminous states and the District of Columbia of the United States, calculations of interest to a wide variety of spatial scientists. We explore relations between these levels and their variation across the nation. The empirical findings generated by this work furnish implications concerning the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP), spatial autocorrelation statistics, scale effects, and resolution.     

Identifying Domination and Resistance Through the Spatial Organization of Poonindie Mission,South Australia

One of the spaces where the interactions between Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups during the period of contact and cross-cultural interaction took place around the world, was at missions. In Australia, missions were founded, rearranged and closed down over a period of time in which the attitudes of Indigenous and non-Indigenous groups and official Government policy towards contact relationships were continually changing. By analyzing the use of these contested spaces at Australian Missions by both groups, archaeologists can begin to understand how the new relationships between these groups were negotiated, contested and played out over time. This paper analyses the use of space, using the theoretical frameworks of the archaeologies of capitalism, at Poonindie Mission in South Australia, which was established by the Anglican Church with support from the colonial government and operated between 1850 and 1896.     

城市少数民族的发展与现代化--广州满族坟场调查

广州世居满族是清代驻粤八旗兵的后裔,广州满族坟场自满族八旗兵驻防广州之时即开始兴建,已经有246年历史,它是广州市区内唯一一座公共墓园。满族坟场的兴衰沉浮记录了广州满族的发展历程,反映出城市散杂居民族于异质世界中,在共同语言、共同生活地域、共同经济生活均已消亡的情况下,如何调整族群认同以适应环境变化,在现代社化语境中维护本族群的独立与发展。     

城市老字号的文化内涵与旅游开发

本文认为,作为城市文化遗产的"老字号"出现的文化空巢现象,问题主要在于两个方面:传统文化边缘化和企业文化贫困化.本文分析了城市老字号的文化内涵,主要有:店铺字号蕴含的企业价值观,企业故事讲述的身边历史,街谈巷议彰显的企业个性,店铺经营积淀的企业文化.本文最后对城市老字号文化遗产的保护与旅游开发提出构想,主要涉及:老字号文化内涵的发掘,老字号旅游功能的开发,老字号文化遗产的保护等.     

近代英国城市群落与城市发展定位

在工业化和城市化进程中 ,近代英国城市的数量不断增加 ,规模不断扩大 ,英国成为世界上第一个城市化国家 ,并在一定区域内形成了较大的城市群落。群落内各个城市依托各自的资源禀赋和传统优势创造自己的特色 ,体现了城市专业化与多样性的有机结合。它不仅避免了各个城市之间的产业结构趋同和恶性竞争 ,而且能够相互配合 ,以各自的特色和优势取长补短 ,使城市群落发展成一个统一的有机体系 ,取得整体大于局部相加总和的效应。