评清朝的西藏政策

清朝重新统一西藏后,通过册封、定制、设官、驻军等措施,并扶持达赖、班禅成为西藏的政教领袖,建立了政教合一的噶厦制度,实现了对西藏的有效管理和统治,维护了清朝在西藏的主权和领土完整,其西藏政策对后世产生了深远影响。本文从反分裂主义的角度重新审视清朝的西藏政策,认为清朝的治藏政策重政治、军事,而轻经济、文化,导致西藏与祖国内地的经济文化交流、民族融合明显滞后,为近代西藏分裂主义的产生埋下了隐患。     

论西部旅游业的开发

发展西部旅游业,必须要转变观念,树立市场意识,采取出奇制胜的新招．比如旅游线路开发要连成线、形成片,要发展生态旅游。     

西藏西部壁画风格探析

本文对11世纪至16世纪西藏西部壁画艺术的发展轮廓作一简要概述,探讨它们与西藏中部地区同时期壁画艺术的不同风格特点。笔者所选择的范例,其用意主要在于揭示西藏西部独特的绘画语汇,它们在许多方面都与西藏中部的绘画风格具有显著的区别。本文也期望对消除目前流行的一些关于西藏西部绘画风格方面的误解有所助益,这种误解存在于各个方面,例如一些学者之所以产生误解是由于西藏西部的大量资料证明,约13世纪末镀金的青铜器具有明显的西藏中部的风格所导致。     

新四军"发展华中"考辨

本文主要对新四军发展华中过程中的重要史实进行考证,同时考证了<毛泽东军事文集>中的有关文献.本文认为:当时的"华中"是指长江以北、陇海路以南的苏、皖、鄂、豫地区.新四军成立之初,毛泽东对苏浙皖交界特别是皖南的战略地位十分关注,而对"华中"重视不够.六届六中全会确定了"巩固华北,发展华中"的战略,并且成立了中原局,但由于战略判断失误,在相当长的时间内,并没有就"发展华中"采取得力措施.周恩来的皖南之行对新四军在江南的发展起到了很大的作用,但对"发展华中"影响有限.1939年11月以后,中共中央下决心解决发展华中问题.但项英、陈毅分别主张重点发展皖南及江南,在抽调新四军主力部队问题上,与中共中央存在严重分歧,毛泽东一度打算以八路军作为发展华中的主力.1940年6月,为了解救江北被围困的新四军,陈毅最终决定率领江南新四军主力渡江.中共中央"发展华中"战略最终得以彻底的贯彻、执行.     

Measures to Protect Sovereignty over Tibet Taken by Successive Central Governments in the Period of the Republic of China

The Revolution of 1911 signaled the collapse of the corrupt Qing Dynasty and the founding of a bourgeois democratic republic, the Republic of China.     

华中型青铜彝器的发达

著者注：原文发表后，见到中国社科院考古所唐际根先生提出的中商文化三期编年说（《中商文化研究》，《考古学报》１９９９年第４期）。唐氏以陶器为标准的分期与笔者的铜器编年在整体上不谋而合（唐际根、难波纯子《中商文化认识意义》，《考古学杂志》第８４卷第４号，２０００年）。故在本译稿中根据这个分期将原文中的“二里冈四期”、“殷墟铜一期前半期”改称为“中商期”，“殷墟铜二期”开始改称为“晚商一期”、“晚商二期”……请读者留意！ 一、“地方型青铜器”的定义和研究进展状况 商代青铜器的研究由于长时间内是以眦集材料为主进行的，因而出土地点不同而特征有别这一点一直未被作为问题提出来。但是近年来，由于各地出土资料增多，使之与殷墟等中心地区出土资料的比较成为可能。特别是长江流域存在具有独自特征的青铜器这一点正日趋明显。 林巳奈夫在《长沙出土楚帛书十二神由来》一文①中认为，信阳长台关１号楚墓出土的瑟上描绘的鬼神乃是源于商代图象符号中的“几”字形鬼神形象。从此论出发，结合南方地区商周青铜器出土情况，林氏进一步指出这个地方与商代中心区域有过积极的交流，这个地方特有的大型铙，装饰与商代同样的羽毛纹，说明商文化的纹饰要素和它所具有的宗教理念被...     

当前西部旅游开发热潮下的冷思考

西部地区多数省份都将旅游业作为重点或支柱产业进行扶持和发展．这是必要的和切合实际的,但对于如何具体发展旅游业则应作出审慎的思考。本文对西部地区发展旅游业的优劣作简要分析,从政府导向、旅游产品类型以及社区的参与等几个方面进行了探讨,并提出了自己的观点;文章最后还就“旅游扶贫”说作了辨析。     

Economic Development,Social Identity and Community Empowerment in the Central and Western Amazon

A multi-dimensional and multi-scalar perspective is used to contrast different experiences with community development involving new settlers, the historic riverine peasantry and Amerindians on and beyond the advancing frontier in the Brazilian Amazon. Local development is shown to occur only when a compromise is reached between the economic development of individual farmers, common social background and community political empowerment. However, the local development of communities does not necessarily result in regional development because contradictions present between political actors can cancel out gains in one dimension or scale vis-à-vis others and so frustrate wider processes.     

公元前两千纪前后中原地区的水道设施(下)

本文系统考察了公元前两千纪前后中原地区的水道遗存。通过对水道建筑材料与制造技术的分析,揭示了水利系统对早期城市发展所具有的重要意义,反映出早期青铜时代社会中一个新的精英阶层的出现及其对都市规划的影响。     

明代“中国”西部疆域形成史论--以明朝经略西藏为中心的考察

明朝对西藏的经略始于洪武初年,至洪武八年(1375)基本确定了对西藏的全面统治和管辖。永乐时期的明朝,以西藏为中心阻断蒙古、西域之间的联系,使西藏成为明代"中国"疆域的重要组成部分,出现终明一世,西陲晏然的景象。西藏与明朝之间明确政治管辖关系的形成,既体现出西藏文明东向发展的政治、经济、文化、宗教等层面的强烈需求,也包含有明朝继承元朝疆域遗产的政治意图和构建防御北方蒙古势力的北方防御体系的战略需要。西藏作为明代"中国"与"天下"在西部疆域范围的重合部分,为近世"中国"疆域的最终形成奠定了基础。可以说,明代"天下"的范围既包括明代"中国",也包括周边的朝贡国家。明代"中国"划定出明朝的西部疆域范围,明代"天下"则是由明朝主导的东亚朝贡体系所确立的亚洲地缘政治格局在地理空间上的投射,并在古代向近世转变的世界历史发展进程中扮演了极为重要的角色。     

论大开发中的西部就业市场均衡

西部大开发要求形成以生态、环保产业为基础,以交通运输业为依托,以特色产业为支柱的特殊产业梯次。本基于此分析了西部上述相关产业各类劳动力的需求状况以及供给形势,认为多种专业人才在相当长时期内将供给不足,而普通劳动力则有所过剩。为促进西部就为市场均衡,应积极实施完整的劳动就业市场化政策,加大人才引进和劳动力培训力度。     

Application of magnetic susceptibility on polished stone tools from Western Hungary and the Eastern part of the Czech Republic (Central Europe)

A non-destructive method – magnetic susceptibility (MS, κ) measurement – was used to characterize about 360 Neolithic, Copper and Bronze age polished stone tools of the Miháldy collection (Laczkó Dezső Museum, Veszprém, Hungary), composed of artefacts from three Neolithic (Moravian Painted Ware) workshops around a source of greenschist at Želešice near Brno (Moravia, Czech Republic) and semifinished artefacts from workshops at Neolithic mines in the Jizerské hory Mts. (Bohemia, Czech Republic); in addition, rock reference samples collected from the possible provenance areas and rock outcrops in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary were analysed as comparative material with the same method. We elaborated a model experience to control the thickness correction factor (TCF) following Williams-Thorpe et al. (2000).Among various stone raw materials of polished artefacts we found basaltic rocks and greenschists-metabasites as the most common.     

《中国西藏》杂志创刊30周年、中国西藏网创办20周年座谈会在京举行

The symposium for the 30th anniversary of the publication of China's Tibet Magazine and the20th anniversary of the establishment of China Tibet Online was held in Beijing on Nov.22,2019.Changpa Phuntsog,vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the 12th National People's Congress attended the symposium and delivered a speech.Zhang Yijiong,executive deputy minister of the United Front Work Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China(CPC).     

Issues Related to Refugees,Illegal Immigration,Human Trafficking From Tibet Autonomous Region of China

Friendly relations, including trade and other intercourses between Nepal and the Tibetan Region of China have beenmaintained since ancient time. After the People's Republic of China was founded in 1949 and a 'Seventeen-Article Agreement on measures for the peaceful liberation of Tibet' was signed between the Central People's Government and the local government of Tibet in 1951, Nepal     

周恩来经济思想与西部开发的几点思考

本文抓住周恩来经济思想中的整体论、基础论、关键论、求真论等方面 ,联系他关于西部的建设与发展的论述 ,进行了深入的分析 ,这对当前进行西部大开发的工作有重要的启示作用。     

抗战前后中美英西藏问题的交涉

作为我国边疆领土的一部分,在近现代历史上,西藏很早就受到西方列强的觊觎。与美国相比,老牌殖民帝国英国更早涉入西藏问题,早在20世纪初叶英国就确立了在西藏的势力范围优势。因此,当太平洋战争爆发后美国发现西藏的地缘战略重要性时,势必与英国在西藏的利益发生冲突。本文通过抗战前后中美英关于西藏地位问题的交涉,分析新老列强在西藏问题上立场的不同。由此还可以看到战后美国与英国等欧洲大陆国家的西藏立场差异之由来。     

On the frontier of the Western Shire,British Central Africa

Superficial deposits (residual, colluvial, alluvial) are important as environmental resources in tropical environments. An understanding of their formation through varying time periods is essential to a correct interpretation of their economic and hazard potentials. This requires an integration of process studies with a reconstruction of longer term development. Saprolite formation is considered over 10⁵‐10⁷ yr, while colluvial and alluvial sediments are commonly Late Quaternary (10³‐10⁵ yr) in age. The importance of Quaternary environmental changes in the humid tropics to an understanding of heavy mineral placer deposits in West Africa and Indonesia is illustrated. It is concluded that geomorphologists can often make their most important contributions to developing areas by offering a sound interpretation of landsurfaces and their underlying deposits for engineers, geologists and pedologists, with whom a close working relationship is essential.     

Regional Development Platform Method (RDPM) as a tool for regional innovation policy 1

Regional development strategies should be based on the sound assessment of regional resources, as well as on forming dynamic capabilities aiming to develop the resource configurations in order to form regional competitive advantage. In this study, the concept “regional development platform” is used as a tool for assessing the regional potentials on which sustainable, competitive advantage could be built. The Regional Development Platform Method (RDPM) is presented as a tool for designing and managing a regional innovation system. It consists of eight phases, in which the underlying potential in the region is explored and the exploitation of the potential organized. The experiences gained from applying the RDPM in the Lahti region, Finland, are used to illustrate the article.     

美国中央情报局与中国西藏

本文主要分四个阶段考察了 2 0世纪中期美国通过中央情报局插手中国西藏问题的过程 ,指出所谓“西藏问题”只是美国实施全球战略、牵制中国的一个棋子。