Abstracts

Tall Buildings Face the Avenue, and Imposing Mansions Stretch along the Green Mountains： Mansions in Chang＇ an City of the Tang Dynasty and Its Symbolism
Chang＇ an City of the Tang Dynasty is always an eye-catching issue for the researchers on urhan history because of its grand scale.Pedigree was the most concern during the Wei-Jin and the Southern and Northern Dynasties.     

Abstracts

The Last Ten Years of Xuanzang＇s Life （655 -664） With a Discussion of His Reburial in 669;On the Message about Buddhism in the Legends of Gods and Ghosts;Translating History from Tangut Buddhist Texts;A Study on the ＇Phags-pa Transliteration of Mizhou Yuanyin Wangsheng Ji in The Tripitaka of Puning;Philological Remarks on the Lotus Sutra： On the Name Avalokitasvara;     

Abstracts

The character in Laozi （ 《老子》） ） of Guodian bamboo slips, which corresponds to ＂jing （惊 ）＂in Chapter 13 of the handed-down edition, should be interpreted as ＂ying （营 ）＂. From the textual explanation,     

Abstracts

A New Study on Chronology of Lu Zhi＇s Life and His Poetry Works
This article is a comprehensive and systematic summary of Lu Zhi＇ slife based on the research conducted in the last thirty years. Each unit is chronologically arranged from his early life and each assignment of his official position. His articles and poems ale also compiled chronologically to conduct a concrete and in depti~ research according to the historical background, language usage, time, and location. In addition to the research achievement of the previous scholars, the author has added some newly discovered documents and works and provided some unique interpretation on Lu Zhi＇ slife and his literature works.     

Abstracts

The Tangut Contracts of Selling and Hiring Livestock
Shi Jinbo （ p. 1 ）
The newly discovered Tangut contracts of selling livestock which provide many details of livestock trade prove to be very valuable on the research of the commerce, the agriculture and animal husbandry economy, and the civil life in the Tangut Kingdom. Having translated 20 nearly complete contracts of selling or hiring livestock written in cursive Tangut characters into Chinese, this article exhibits the form and content of these contracts. Based on the new data provided by these contracts, an exploration of the price of livestock in the Tangut Kingdom can be carried out. After analyzing the different features of exchange of grain and money for livestock in Khara Khoto and Wuwei, the paper considers the monetary economy in Wuwei region being more developed. The soaring price of livestock in the contracts at the end of the Tangut Kingdom describes a miserable scene of unrest and inflation on the background of the Mongol invasion.     

Abstracts The Culture Popularization and Social Progression

Zhang Guogang （ p. 1 ） The ethical system centering on Confucianism was only one school of philosophy among the many in the pre-Qin period. However, through the central government＇s recognition of Confucian theories as the orthodoxy in the Han Dynasty, classical Confucianism became the official ideology. In the later period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, aristocratic families, whose members studied secured officials for generations, became the the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasti Confucian classics and elite of society. During es, elite families formed their particular household disciplines and moral standards. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, when elite families were separated from official rankings, their ethical system became more accepted by the society. Elite families of power and influence no longer dominated the cultural circle. Actually, the decline of the elite family and the popularization of elite ethics were synchronized processes, during which, the localized Buddhism played an important role. The neo Confucianism, which rose later, was actually an ethical reconstruction of the popularized ethics and culture.     

Abstracts

Structural Features and Expressions of Five-Character Poem in Western Jin： Also on Differences between ＂Weizhi＂ and ＂Jinzao＂
Ge xiaoyin （p. 1）
The most significant change of the five-character poem in Western Jin, compared with Han and Wei dynasties, was diversifications in chapter structure and Symmetry in words. Structure changes of the five-character poem in Western Jin which started in the Wei Dynasty drove the poetry out of the single scene of Han＇s poety and be able to organize different time and space scenes more freely, elaborating the scenes, event progress or mentalities completely. These may be the reason West Jin＇s poetry was called cumbersome rhetoric, but also the reason the capacity of the five-character poem was expanded greatly, which was the very stage of five-character poem from Han and Wei to Jin and Liu Song dynasties.     

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

Wang Benli, On the Emancipation of British Jews In Britain, it was not until the 1820s, mainly urged by the trend of the times, that the issue of Jewish emancipation was put on the political agenda. Although the emancipation is prominently symbolized by the political emancipation, it is not a synonym of the latter, its process was long and its contents were multiple, even piecemeal. It can be said that the emancipation process of British Jews lasted from the year 1830 till the end of the 19th century. Besides the solution to the problem of equal civil rights for British Jews,     

CONTENTS

The Influence of Court Politics Critique on the Studies of Borderland History： the Ming Dynasty＇s ＂Three Expeditions to Lu Chuan＂ （“三征麓川”） as A Example ＂Three expeditions to Lu Chuan＂ was an important event concerning the Ming dynasty＇ s south＇- western borderland stability and security. Due to the lack of knowledge about the southwestern bor- derland history and geography, as well as some political reasons, the historians during the Ming and Qing dynasties disregarded the exploration on the historical fact.     

膳夫山鼎與周厲王在位年數

據南陽出土仲爯父鼎等,知周夷王有未嗣位長子監伯,其後爲監氏。監伯女監姬嫁新宮叔碩父,生子名山,作膳夫山鼎。鼎銘紀年爲三十七年,記山任爲王司飲酒職務。由監伯以下年齡估算,三十七年只能屬於周厲王,從而證明《史記·周本紀》厲王年數是正確的。     

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

Liu Jinhua Fang Yingjun, The Rise and Fall of the Woolen Industry in West Country of England During the Proto industrialization The West Country was the main center of English woolen industry from the ...     

SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES

He Shunguo, World History： Marx＇s Concept and Ideologies Achievements and Limitations of Global History of the West A Discussion of the The development of global history of the West has posed a great ...     

Abstracts

The Re.understanding of the Revolution of 1911