库库提尼文明——新石器时代彩陶研究资料库的建立

库库提尼的新石器时代陶器距今约5000年,它是Ariusd-- CucuteniTripolie古人类活动带的一部分,位于欧洲东南部。对这种三色彩陶器的研究是法国和罗马尼亚的合作项目,基金来源是Brancusi项目提供,研究方向是制陶的黏土成分、烧制温度、用于涂彩的颜料层（白、红、黑）,陶器式样模型材料等。库库提尼文化是19世纪末第一个被发现的,它经历了约120年的流逝,由于过去对它的研究主要为考古调查,处于对它特殊性的好奇,才带出了本课题。本文报道了用岩相学分析的结果,通过对陶质材料进行SEMEDX,XRF检测,得到了库库提尼从A期、AB期到B期的不同进化阶段的岩相学陶层资料,现已发现的Scanteia,TarguFrumos,Ruginoasa,Cucuteni,Isaia,Poienesti考古遗址也符合这种进化阶段。本项目的目的是创建一个基础数据库,使有关库库提尼的资料数据能完整统一地输入古代欧洲研究数据库。     

The role of interdisciplinary science in the study of ancient pottery

Abstract

In the context of the modern world, the term ceramics suggests a very versatile group of materials capable of being designed to have particular physical and chemical properties and to fulfil a wide range of functions, functions that traditionally have often been fulfilled by other types of material.¹ While suitably designed ceramics may hold the key to overcoming many of humankind's future technological problems, it is interesting to reflect on how much ceramics can also tell us about our past. Future technological innovations in ceramics will influence and be influenced by wider aspects of human culture; so too it may be expected that there was a similar relationship between ancient ceramics and the past societies that made them. In archaeology, ceramics hold an important and varied role as a key to understanding many aspects of the development of human civilisations. This paper aims to explore some of the ways in which ceramics have been studied by archaeologists, and to illustrate some of the many contributions interdisciplinary science has made to the study of ancient pottery.     

A provenance study of Mycenaean pottery from Northern Israel

The occurrence of imported Mycenaean pottery in the Late Bronze Age southern Levant is one of the most conspicuous aspects of Eastern Mediterranean trade connections during this period. A group of 183 Mycenaean pottery vessels from 14 sites in northern Israel, from both coastal and inland settlement contexts were analyzed by Neutron Activation Analysis. The results indicate that the vast majority of these vessels have a similar profile and can be provenanced to the north-eastern Peloponnese or more specifically, to the Mycenae/Berbati workshop in the Argolid. Possible interpretations of these results are presented and discussed against the historical and cultural background of the Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean.     

Characterization and source of Cucuteni black pigment (Romania): vibrational spectrometry and XRD study

A multi-technique characterization and a provenance study of the black pigment used in Cucuteni pottery painting (Neolithic age, Romania) were carried out. 127 Cucuteni shards were analyzed by Raman spectrometry. The main components of this pigment are pyrolusite and/or jacobsite. Hematite and quartz are frequent minor components and Ti oxides were seldom found. The manganiferous corpuscles discovered at Neam? county (eastern part of Romania) were the raw material of the Cucuteni black pigment. The Mn corpuscles were studied using XRD, Raman, FT-IR and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. The main components are birnessite, goethite and frequently, quartz. Raw material was subjected to a temperature of 750 °C for 6 h and,once cooled, analyzed through Raman and FT-IR spectrometry. Pyrolusite, hematite and quartz were found in the heated powder sample.     

Elemental analysis of pottery in the study of its provenance: A review

Elemental analysis of pottery is a valuable scientific approach to investigation of its provenance. Increasing use is being made of the approach, and this paper presents a critical review of the basic methodology and experimental procedures. Genenal problems and limitations of the technique are discussed, and the procedures involved in each of the four main stages of such studies are described. These stages are: (1) selecting specimens of pottery for analysis, (2) obtaining samples from the specimens, (3) analysing the samples, and (4) interpreting the results. For each stage, suggestions are made for generally useful procedures and experimental precautions, and for aspects on which further study seems desirable. Much of the discussion is also relevant to the analysis and typing of artifacts of other materials, e.g., metal and stone objects.     

A contribution to the study of post-depositional alterations of pottery using TL dating analysis

In luminescence dating, the potassium concentration significantly contributes to the dose rate value in the age estimation. Within this study, fine-grain thermoluminescence dating has been applied on sherds of calcareous pottery of known age, excavated at a Roman site in Mallorca, Spain. For those of the samples that showed signs of severe potassium leaching, according to chemical and mineralogical examination, the thermoluminescence analysis provided overestimated dates. By using the known archaeological age of the samples, a corrected dose rate value can be estimated which provides the potassium concentration averaged for the burial period. Finally, a step-like model can then be used to estimate the fraction of the burial period after which most of the alteration effects took place.     

Spanish Armada pottery

La céramique de l'Armada COLIN J. M. MARTIN La classification et l'analyse dc la céramiquc trouvée dans différentes épaves de l'Armada (Girona, S. Maria de la Rosa et Trinidad Valencera) mettent en évidcnce des centres de fabrication (a Séville, Mérida, Lishonne, Saint-Sébostien) de divers types de poterie ibérique dont la forme avait une relation avec le contenu. On relève aussi différentes méthodes utilisées pour fabriquer la cémique vernissée ou non. Trois tessons vernissés à l'aide d'étain et six non vernissés, de couleur rouge, ont été analysés sous l'aspect pétropaphique. On compare la classification de Goggin et les collections de Langouez de Grande-Bretagne. Les archives de Simanca sont utilisées pour dénommer la vaisselle découverte dans cette épave, et qui était officiellement en usage sur l'Armada.     

A preliminary study of ceramic pastes in the copper age pottery production of the Rome area

This paper presents the preliminary results of an analytical study on domestic pottery samples originating from the Copper Age sites of Casetta Mistici, Tor Pagnotta, Osteria del Curato-Via Cinquefrondi, Torre della Chiesaccia and Valle dei Morti, all of which are located in the Rome area (Latium, Italy). The aim of this research is to define the compositional features of the ceramic pastes and to reconstruct the main technological choices characterising pottery production in these contexts. The importance of these archaeological sites lies in their geographic position, being located in an area bounded by the Tiber and Aniene rivers and the Colli Albani volcano, and in their stratigraphic sequence, spanning from the mid-fourth to the end of the third millennium bc. This research, based on a petrographic and chemical investigation of pottery samples, led to the distinction of eight petrographic groups that reflect specific choices in pottery production. Moreover, the analytical results provide indications about the prehistoric pottery production of the Rome area in relation to the ceramic recipes used, the pastes that were obtained and their sourcing areas.     

The ethnoarchaeology of pottery production

Reina, Ruben E. and Robert Hill. The Traditional Pottery of Guatemala. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1978. 323 pp. 419 figures, 10 maps, 3 tables, 10 color plates. $35.

Lackey, Louana M. The Pottery of Acatlán: A Changing Mexican Tradition. Norman: The University of Oklahoma Press, 1982. 164 pp. 18 color plates, 68 black and white photographs, 3 maps. $19.95.     

On the dissolution of pottery for diatom studies

This paper deals with a study of the pictographs at Trontveit, Nissedal parish, County of Telemark, by scientific methods. The observations lead to the conclusion that the pictographs were not painted.     

The origins of pottery as a practical domestic technology: Evidence from the middle Queen Creek area, Arizona

The site of Finch Camp in the middle Queen Creek area of Arizona, southeast of Phoenix, has produced some of the earliest evidence of utilitarian pottery use in the US Southwest. Using multiple lines of evidence from vessel morphology, surface alteration, and minute fatty acid residues in vessel walls, I evaluate the nascent function of the earliest vessels (mostly neckless jars, or tecomates) and infer a diachronic process of functional expansion from about 350 B.C.-A.D. 400. This evidence provides robust evidence for evaluating various theoretical models of pottery origins. I argue that utilitarian pottery was initially adopted in connection with the intensification of small particulate plant foods (e.g., seeds, grains) and increasing household-level control over resources. Further, vessel functions may have expanded during the early centuries A.D. in response to women’s task-scheduling conflicts stemming from increasing residential stability and growing reliance on low-level horticulture.     

北魏陶器的装饰纹样

瓷器大量出现以前,陶器在古代人民生活中占有重要地位,是人们日常生活中不可缺少的用具。本文所说的陶器仅指生活用具中的器皿,不包括陶俑及模型。陶器皿的造型及装饰反映了其生活时代的     

Application of tin to ancient pottery

It has earlier been assumed that the tin cover found on certain antique vases has been attached as a thin foil. In this paper it is shown that the metal may simply have been applied by an immersion technique. Before dipping into the tin melt the pottery must be treated with an adhesion promotor. Animal glue which was known as a binder in ancient times has been found to be useful for the surface treatment.     

The history of method and theory in the study of prehistoric puebloan pottery style in the American Southwest

The history of Americanist archaeology can be profitably approached through an examination of ceramic design studies in the puebloan region of the American Southwest. An intellectual tradition is represented throughout these studies, grounded in the assumption that ceramic design variation can be reflected, among other things, in prehistoric social groupings. Within this tradition, a number of differences in method, theory, and application can be distinguished, including (1) the classificatory systems employed, (2) the spatial and temporal scales at which ceramic design variation was studied, and (3) the potential functional role of stylistic attributes on pottery. The debates, both intellectual and social, surrounding the development of method and theory in the New Archaeology are clarified by this historical review, as are the transitions to Culture History and from the New Archaeology in the American Southwest.     

Archaeometric study of medieval pottery excavated at Stari (Old) Ras,Serbia

A combined study of a series of polychromatic and monochromatic glazed medieval pottery shards excavated from the archaeological area of Stari (Old) Ras in southern Serbia, including petrographic and chemical analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, allowed us to clearly distinguish between two groups of ceramics. Ras pottery, made of fine-grained well-cleaned clay and characterised by a rich mineral assemblage, was produced by firing in a temperature range between 800 and 900 °C. Reljina Gradina ceramics were produced at similar temperatures from materials which, with regard to mineralogical and chemical composition, show clear similarity with local clay, suggesting that these samples are of local origin and production. This work is the first systematic archaeometric study of medieval pottery excavated on the territory of Serbia.     

先周青铜器与新石器时代陶器、玉器的文化关系考释

新石器时代陶器、玉器的生产,为先周青铜器铸造提供了宝贵的实践经验。先周主要青铜器的形制多以陶器型模为基础,某些青铜器纹饰也是对陶器、玉器纹饰的直接继承与发展。无论是简单几何纹与《周易》卦象的暗合、箅孔数目的设置,还是凤寓五德观念的形成,皆体现着先周青铜器对上古文化的传承。而通过考古与文献的综合考查,解读三者内蕴文化本质上的传承关系,正是当前该领域学术研究亟需深入探讨的课题。     

二里头文化陶礼器造型艺术研究

二里头文化陶礼器的造型艺术表现为简洁质朴的艺术风格,这与夏代礼制文化中"尚质"的审美倾向十分吻合。陶礼器的造型艺术由黄金比例、纹饰和仿生三种设计方法以体现陶器造型和装饰的简洁与抽象性,而三至四期动物造型装饰的增多则为商代青铜礼器的艺术形式奠定了基础。酒器和食器的器物造型构成了礼仪中行为与时间的观念,以及动与静的礼仪活动的日常行为规范。而高等级墓葬中的稀有陶器斗笠形器,其造型与古人对天的描述相同,它不仅代表了所葬之人的身份与职能,还是上层社会对天祭祀权力的象征。     

The Medieval lead-glazed pottery from Nogara (north-east Italy): a multi-methodological study

The present work focuses on the archaeometric characterisation of 10th–11th-century lead-glazed pottery from Nogara (Verona, north-east Italy), with the main aim of defining the production technology of both glaze and clay body, through a multi-methodological approach.     

Technological features of Apulian red figured pottery

Apulian red figured pottery samples, dating back to the 5th and 4th centuries BC, from the archaeological site of Monte Sannace (Gioia del Colle, Bari, Italy) have been characterized from the physical–chemical, mineralogical and morphological points of view. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and atomic spectroscopy investigations have been carried out on the ceramic body, red decorated area and black gloss of the fragments, with the aim of outlining the technological features and of defining the nature of coatings and decorations. All 5th century fragments show the same features: fine texture of the ceramic body, red figures saved from the ceramic paste and black gloss painted directly on the ceramic body. The statistical treatment of compositional data of ceramic bodies excludes the local production of these objects. As regards the 4th century fragments, some show similar features to the 5th century ones; however others are characterized by the coarse texture of their ceramic body and an intermediate red layer of finer clay between the black gloss and the ceramic body. The analytical results make it possible to distinguish two different production technologies of red figured Apulian vases in Monte Sannace during the 4th century BC. Certain vases were produced using the “classic” Attic technology and others with a different technique, not previously known, which involved the application of a red engobe layer on the clay paste, before the black gloss painting.