晚清“华洋合股”的法律化——以大东惠通银行案件为中心

晚清以降,华洋商事纠纷多以租界会审公廨调解为主,但诉讼与交涉相互交织。大东惠通银行追加股本案,因涉及中、美、法等多国股东,由此引发国际诉讼。大东惠通银行先后状告法、美等国股东,实际是为状告数量众多的华商股东做准备。法、美两国领事法庭先后判决惠通败诉,判决依据及结果成为中国法庭审判时的重要援引。惠通状告华商股东遇挫后,英国政府先是通过交涉的方式加以干预,随后在与中国进行修订商约谈判时,就惠通案能否再审以及华洋合股中附股的合法性、附股纠纷的法律适用等问题进行了多番争论,双方最终达成一致。1904年清政府制定《公司律》,明确了合股公司的法律地位,而商部也对华洋合股的条文作了专门的解释,从而使华洋合股有了法律保障。     

晚清“华洋合股”的法律化——以大东惠通银行案件为中心

晚清以降,华洋商事纠纷多以租界会审公廨调解为主,但诉讼与交涉相互交织。大东惠通银行追加股本案,因涉及中、美、法等多国股东,由此引发国际诉讼。大东惠通银行先后状告法、美等国股东,实际是为状告数量众多的华商股东做准备。法、美两国领事法庭先后判决惠通败诉,判决依据及结果成为中国法庭审判时的重要援引。惠通状告华商股东遇挫后,英国政府先是通过交涉的方式加以干预,随后在与中国进行修订商约谈判时,就惠通案能否再审以及华洋合股中附股的合法性、附股纠纷的法律适用等问题进行了多番争论,双方最终达成一致。1904年清政府制定《公司律》,明确了合股公司的法律地位,而商部也对华洋合股的条文作了专门的解释,从而使华洋合股有了法律保障。     

近代海外华侨民族主义的多重面向——以荷属东印度中华商会抵制日货运动为例的分析

论文介绍了近代荷印中华商会概况,并以中华商会为考察对象,梳理分析了抗日战争爆发前后荷印中华商会“抵制日货”运动的变化和发展过程。荷印中华商会于20世纪初期抵制日货的态度时而温和,时而激烈,且不同地区的态度并非完全一致,全面抗战爆发后,则形成抵制日货跨行业、跨区域、跨群体的整体形态。荷印中华商会抵制日货是华侨民族主义精神觉醒使然,受中国和南洋抵制日货运动整体态势的影响,更与荷印政府的政治和经济政策密切相关,同时亦有华侨自身的商业特点,展现了近代华侨民族主义的多重面向。     

对1928年秋天津日货商人罢市的几点思考

济南惨案发生后,中国各地掀起了轰轰烈烈的对日经济绝交运动.1928年秋,在国民党市党部的指导下而成立的天津反日会开始领导对日经济绝交运动,"坚持民族主义"与"维护切身利益"的冲突在商人身上体现得淋漓尽致.面对两难境地,日货商人选择了以罢市来抵制日货登记工作,最终罢市以商人的失败而告终.在整个罢市过程中,日货商人与天津反日会展开了一场实力并不均衡的博弈,带给后人诸多思索.     

"一带一路"视野下建构云南自贸区纠纷解决、中介服务机构的法治思考

云南自贸区的建立具有重要的开放意义,我们应从微观和宏观层面进行相应的制度配套准备和构建.从微观层面,商事主体(企业)应该主动建立企业内部合规风险监控体系,让经营活动合法合规;从宏观层面讲,国家可以和沿边国家签订双边协定或者与更多的"一带一路"倡议参与国签订多边协议,更要在具体制度中构建可以预防和减少贸易争议纠纷发生的交...     

租界华商与“五四”后的北京政府及西方列强——20世纪20年代初上海租界华人拒贴印花税票研究

北京政府为开征租界内华人印花税,与西方列强进行了长时间交涉,有抗争、亦有妥协,最终于1919年年底达成了《租界内华人实行贴用印花办法》,并拟于1920年1月1日起施行。但是,有令难行,北京政府拟于租界华商中开征印花税之举遭到了强烈抵制,租界华商在上海总商会和马路商界联合会的组织下,以负担过重、"华洋不能一律"为理据,拒贴印花税票,并借助工部局的力量,达到了抵制印花税的目的。在北京政府、西方列强与租界华商的三方博弈中,西方列强是真正的赢家,北京政府和租界华商都是弱者,租界华商只有借助西方列强的力量才得以拒绝印花税,得不到西方列强支持的北京政府没有达到开征印花税的目的,其权威再次受到挑战,工部局则成功地维护了其对租界的管治权。     

改革开放以来中国学界海外华商研究述评

论文将改革开放近40年以来中国学界对海外华商的研究分为三个阶段,在梳理和分析不同阶段研究成果及特点基础上,对当前华商研究中存在的问题提出思考和建议。认为,改革开放以来海外华商研究成果丰硕,在华人经济性质及其在居住国经济中的地位、海外华商企业经营管理模式、华商资本与中国经济发展、华商网络和华商跨国实践等几个方面引起不同学科的广泛关注。在此基础上,还应从以下几方面进一步拓展和深化该领域的研究:扩大华商研究对象和空间;从不同层面考察华商特性;从长时段系统考察海外华商的传统性向现代性转变;构建和深化华商网络研究的相关理论;进一步认识"一带一路"背景下海外华商与中国经济的互动关系。     

20世纪20年代的上海南京路商界联合会

南京路商界联合会是五四时期租界华商争取市民权运动的产物,是一个以中小商人为主体、以南京路商业街区为基本活动范围的新型地域性商人团体.在功能取向上,南京路商联会关注街区内的公共事务和街区外的公益事业,成为南京路上华商与租界抗争和沟通的桥梁,在工商纠纷尤其是劳资纠纷中积极扮演调人角色,在市民权运动、国民外交运动中发挥了重要作用,表达了强烈的民族、社会与政治关怀.     

柬埔寨“红色高棉”战后华商经济复兴的人类学分析

论文基于对柬埔寨及东南亚华人经济研究的三种解释范式,探讨了华人尤其是华商在整个柬埔寨社会结构中的位置与功能,分析了他们如何将自身社会嵌入本土社会结构之中,适应并巩固如今的地位,并提出了柬埔寨华商的"中间层"模式。认为华商曾推动柬埔寨历史上出现过两种转变:一是推动柬埔寨从农耕之国转为海洋贸易之国;二是在柬埔寨沦为法国的保护国的过程中,推动西方外来者适应土著市场。20世纪七八十年代的战乱后,华商经济发生两次复兴,分别与历史上的两种转变相对应:华商建立起"区域性的贸易体系",再次使柬埔寨经济融入外部世界;而后华商转向发展土地经济,使新的外来者适应本土社会。华商的"中间层"模式与柬埔寨的文化观念和社会结构相嵌合。柬埔寨华商与土著社会和更广阔的外部世界互为他者,他们认识和理解不同的社会文化机制,使自身融入其中而又超脱其外。     

清末民初上海会审公廨中美商民的混合诉讼及交涉

1909—1913年间上海租界会审公廨受理的中美商民混合讼案,其纠纷虽仍以商事交易为主,但亦出现土地房产、牌号版权、抵押担保、票据、房屋建造承揽、人格权等新的纠纷样态。围绕相关诉讼在美领事署与会审公廨之间展开的交涉,又折射出美国会审官把控会审公廨涉美诉讼的诸多细节。同时,在诉讼和纠纷的解决过程中,部分中美涉讼当事人和外籍律师,亦恃"交涉"为奥援,力谋各自利益的最大化。清末民初会审公廨处理华洋讼案具有"名诉讼实交涉"的本质。     

Trade,Politics and the Navy in Latin America: The British in the Paraná, 1845–46

When military conflict and economic disruption in the river Plate region led to a British naval occupation of the river Paraná in 1845–46, traders from many nations followed the warships upstream hoping to conduct business in the Argentine interior and with Paraguay. Since the 1920s historians have uniformly disparaged this Paraná expedition as a commercial failure, insisting that the foreign intruders found neither trade nor welcome among the local populations. In Argentine historiography, the episode is consistently presented as a successful assertion of national identity in the face of European imperial assault. Research here, however, demonstrates not only the expedition's economic success but, again contrary to established opinion, its military and strategic achievements, before the British government abandoned its policy of armed intervention. The Paraná was eventually opened to foreign navigation by international treaties in 1853.     

Artwork securitisation: a Chinese style of artwork investment

A new artwork trading model emerged in China at the beginning of 2010s: the value of a piece of artwork was divided into equal shares, and investors could buy and sell these shares in the cultural artwork exchanges, in exactly the same way as investors trading stocks in the stock market. In China, this trading model, once available, was hotly pursued by investors. This rapid market growth quickly descended into trading market confusion and speculation, forcing the government to deal with this model and eventually putting a stop to it. In this paper, we take a closer look at the reasons for the artwork shares’ price booming and slumping, the disorder and speculation in the artwork share trading market, and the reasons why the Chinese government halted this kind of trade. Taking the Tianjin Cultural Artwork Exchange of China as an example, we found that artwork can be an alternative investment vehicle, but the share trading model, similar in function to the stocks and bonds market, is not fit for artwork. The lack of legal basis and supervision by governmental bodies, together with the changeable trading rules has also contributed to the failure of this artwork trading model in China.     

明清时期江右商帮与贵州商业经济的发展

明清时期是贵州商业经济产生发展的重要阶段,也是江西江右商帮的兴盛时期,赣商进入贵州,对贵州商品经济的发展起到了一定的推动作用,同时也促进了自身的发展。而贵州在为外来商业文化提供活动平台的过程中,本身的商业经济也得到前所未有的发展。     

清代前期账局、放账铺研究--以五种账局、放账铺清单的解读为中心

清代前期不但有资本规模较大,主要针对商号及官员放贷的大账局,也有资本规模较小,可能针对小商人、小手工业者甚至地主农民放贷的放账铺。至少从乾隆年间开始,账局、放账铺已经比较普遍地运用合伙制的方式筹措资本。账局的重要业务之一就是对官员放京债,这种放贷利率高、数额大,但风险也甚高。与此同时,账局也开始大规模地对商号商人放贷,每家较大型的账局至少可能对三十至五十家以上的商号放贷,放贷数额常到一千两以上,最少也有一百两。这种放贷,直至道光年间还很兴盛。账局、放账铺已经具有了商业银行的功能,但是否够得上商业银行,还须进一步探讨。     

Merchants on the margins: fifteenth-century Bruges and the informal market

During the late medieval period, Bruges acted as the prime hub of international trade in north-western Europe, with the town of Sluys as its outport. Trade along the Zwin, the waterway connecting the city to the sea, was subject to a series of tolls and a set of stringent and comprehensive staple restrictions, stipulating that all goods imported had to be sold on the Bruges market. The concentration of commercial activities which resulted from these rules allowed merchants with the necessary capital to trade more cheaply than elsewhere. For those with more modest means and ambitions, the trip along tollbooths to the heavily regulated and institutionalised staple market only jeopardised the profitability of their endeavours. Throughout the fifteenth century, local traders, international shipping crews, commercial staff and professional smugglers cut transaction costs by evading the restrictions of the staple and commercial taxation in Sluys. This article discusses the size of this informal market on the margins of Bruges' jurisdiction, analyses the backgrounds and motivations of its visitors and reconstructs the strategies they used to evade punishment.     

晚明商人借贷的利息率与商业性借贷的发展

商人借贷利息率的高低对商业性借贷的发展有直接的影响。晚明商人借贷的利息率总体上以低于年息36％为多,这一利率既大大低于消费性借贷的利息率,又低于市场平均利息率,一般均在法定利息率的范围之内。虽然商人借贷的利息率相对较低,但在风险机制的作用下,放贷者向商人放贷的积极性不会受到减损。又由于利率较低,商人借贷通常有利可图,因而商业性借贷能够得到发展。     

清代泉州晋江沿海商人的乡族特征

Along with the promotion of Taiwan’s economic status in the mid-Qing Dynasty and the expansion of trade with the mainland, the merchants of Jinjiang County of Quanzhou Prefecture in the Qing Dynasty developed a business model focused on the growing cross-strait trade and coastal shipping in Southeast China. The success of these coastal traders in business was closely related to their full use of family and lineage. However, the links of family and lineage, at the same time, were problematical for these businessmen when exploiting economic opportunities. These complex family and lineage ties could either promote or obstruct the development of commercial capital depending on specific situations. Thus, the traditional argument that the family and lineage system hindered socio-economic development should be re-examined.     

Traditional Retail Markets: The New Gentrification Frontier?

This paper presents traditional retail markets in the UK caught between a narrative of decline and revival, on the edge of a gentrification frontier. Traditional indoor and outdoor markets have become somewhat residual in many British cities but essential for many low‐income citizens that rely on their affordability. At the same time, the market is being reinvented for a wealthier type of customer interested more in local, environmentally friendly, ethical and “authentic” shopping experience. We take the case of Kirkgate Market in Leeds, the largest of its kind in Britain to analyse the process of disinvestment by the local authority, displacement of traders and customers and rebranding of the market for a new wealthier customer base. The paper is based on an action‐research project on which one of the authors is involved alongside traders and other campaigners to defend the public nature of Kirkgate Market in Leeds.     

论“捏价”的法律意义

“捏价”,是藏族、撒拉族等高原少数民族商事交易中常用的一种议价方式。长期以来,人们对“捏价”的认识仅仅停留在一种民族习惯上,至今还没有学者从法学的角度作出评析。笔者通过对青海省玉树藏族自治州部分商事活动的调查与研究,重点分析了“捏价”及其涉及的相关法律问题。     

旅游社会影响研究——以大理古城居民学英语态度为例

本文通过调查云南省大理古城居民对学英语的态度和掌握英语的程度研究旅游开发的社会影响。结果表明,大量外国旅游者的到来,对大理古城居民学习英语的影响很大,一部分人已掌握英语这个交流工具,大部分年青人已把英语作为他们所受教育的一个重要部分。