大革命时期瞿秋白农民观成因探颐

瞿秋白是中国近代历史上较早运用马克思主义观点分析农民问题的领导人之一,他对中国革命进程中的农民问题的深入分析具有很强的指导性和前瞻性。对瞿秋白农民观成因进行梳理和总结,不仅有助于加深对瞿秋白在中国新民主主义革命过程中历史地位的认识,而且也有助于我们在当代视阈下深化认识中国的农民问题。     

充分认识现阶段农民经济利益问题

农民经济利益问题是现代化建设中的重大问题。现阶段中国农民经济利益的实现、满足、提高和保护的程度较低。当代农民经济利益问题具有广泛性、复杂性、长期性、深刻性的特点。从本质上讲,农民经济利益问题是新时期人民内部矛盾的一部分,是社会主义初级阶段社会主义要矛盾的突出表现。     

探讨农村经济中的农民增收与农业管理研究

在我国农村经济发展过程中,农民增收问题较为严峻,有效解决农民增收问题可以提高农业经济发展效率,对我国各项发展都具有深远意义,如政治层面、经济层面.因此,农民增收问题已经逐渐受到国家相关部门高度重视,在我国目前农村经济发展体系中要想提高农民经济收入就必须做好农业管理工作,合理调整农业产业结构,从而保证农民收入能得到大幅度...     

19世纪中期俄国发展道路选择问题探讨

19世纪中期在俄国发展道路问题上的斗争并非是普鲁士式道路和美国式道路之争,因为当时俄国并不存在走美国式道路的选项。人数极少的激进革命派鼓动农民革命的目的是要实现具有空想性质的村社社会主义。农民运动在本质上是自发的、无组织的力量,不具有资产阶级性质。新兴的俄国资产阶级自由主义运动不能左右发展道路的选择,因而力促政权进行改革。沙皇政权在发展道路选择问题上具有决定性作用,它采取了相对独立的政策,既没有听命于保守贵族,也没有容忍革命运动和农民运动,而是坚持进行由政权主导的自由主义性质的改革,使俄国走上了资本主义道路。     

早年毛泽东与共产国际在农民问题上的交点

在1921-1927年间,毛泽东就已经注意到了农民问题的重要性,这与共产国际对农民问题的重要性强调是一致的。在农民问题上毛泽东继承了共产国际和苏联关于农民问题的优秀经验并结合中国农民运动的现实不断摸索着中国特色的农民运动之路。     

浅谈完善农家书屋功能推动农村阅读持续发展

我国属于农业大国,这也是农业问题、农民问题、农村问题都是我国社会一个基本问题所在的关键所在。在农民作为我国农业生产主体的情况下,直至我国改革开放后,农民在政治、经济上所具有的地位才逐渐被扭转。如今,在我国针对全民阅读计划进行发展和推广的过程中,生产资料的推广是否能够成功,主要是体现在全民阅读计划的进展上。在实际执行农村阅读计划发展的过程中,主要是采用农家书屋的形式来加以应用,但就目前各个方面的实际情况来看,这其中还存在着较大的问题,必须要加以完善。本篇文章主要针对农家书屋的完善进行了全面详细的探讨,以期为我国的农村持续阅读发展做出贡献。     

严重的问题是教育农民——建国初期中共克服"李四喜思想"的成功经验

1951年7月18日,<新湖南报>发起了关于土改后农村出现的农民埋头生产不问政治及乡村干部松气退坡的"李四喜思想"的大讨论,持续达5个多月,在湖南乃至全国农村产生了巨大影响.这场讨论是建国后中共第一次真正意义上对农民自私、狭隘思想的批评运动,也是第一次真正地对农民及乡村干部进行的思想教育活动.在这场讨论中,中共逐步积累了用民主教育、典型示范、改进领导方法、切实解决乡村干部实际困难等方式解决农民思想问题的成功经验.这些成功的历史经验构成了建国以后中共教育和改造农民的基本思路.     

建国初期毛泽东的农村农民思想述论

在毛泽东的一生中,农村和农民始终是他密切关注的重大问题之一。从社会主义的制度创建和国家利益着眼处理农村农民问题,在大规模的农村社会变革中改变农民的生产和生存条件,是建国初期毛泽东在农村农民问题上的中心思考。这些思考,不但在他关于农民问题的思想中构成承上启下的关键环节,而且直接促成了农村社会主义生产关系的建立,引起了农村社会的重大变动。一、土改前后农民问题在毛泽东心中的位置毛泽东是一位对农民有着深刻了解和深厚感情的人。在领导中国共产党动员和团结农民推翻旧世界后,他随之将农村农民问题提到新社会建设的…     

做好农民思想政治工作应着力解决的几个问题

农民问题是关系到改革开放和现代化建设全局的重大问题,而做好对农民的思想政治工作是解决这些问题的关键。当前,要加强和改进新形势下的农民思想政治工作,必须着力解决认识上的可有可无、工作上的说与做、方法上的适合与迎合、基层干部的为与能以及工作中的随意性与经常性等问题。     

《农民的终结》

何谓"农民",作为一个社会群体,农民是否会最终走向消亡?在18世纪工业革命开展之前,这根本就是一个不成问题的问题,因为当时"世界只是农民的广阔天地"(布罗代尔语).但18世纪以后,尤其是20世纪50年代以来,在全世界范围内,随着工业化及由此所导致的都市化的迅速推进,原本作为社会主体的农民却在迅速走向"终结".与此同时,他们的时间认知、价值观念、思想情感、行为模式、文化创造等生活方式与习俗惯制也发生了巨大改变.因此,"农民的终结"不仅仅只是一种身份上的转化,还有更为丰富的社会文化内涵.     

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope variations in tooth dentine serial sections from Wharram Percy

Here we report δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N measurements of serial sections of human deciduous and permanent tooth dentine from archaeological samples taken from the medieval village site of Wharram Percy, Yorkshire, UK. We found a pattern of enrichment, for both δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N, where the tooth crown was greater than the cervical part of the root, which in turn was greater than the apical portion of the root and the associated rib collagen values. This pattern reflects a decrease in the consumption of isotopically enriched breast milk and the introduction of less enriched weaning foods in the diet. The (mean±SD) difference between the deciduous second molar crowns and corresponding rib samples from the same individuals after 2 years of age was 1.2±0.4‰ for δ¹³C and 3.2±0.8‰ for δ¹⁵N. The δ¹⁵N values are as predicted, but as there were no C₄plants at Wharram Percy, this 1.2‰ enrichment in δ¹³C represents clear evidence of a carbon trophic level effect in collagen from breastfeeding infants. Carbon and nitrogen results also show that the infant diet among those who died in infancy did not differ from those who survived into childhood. This study demonstrates the promise of using dentine serial sections to study the temporal relationships of breastfeeding, weaning, and dietary patterns of single individuals.     

Quantitative analysis of COH fluids synthesized at HP–HT conditions: an optimized methodology to measure volatiles in experimental capsules

The quantitative assessment of COH fluids is crucial in modeling geological processes. The composition of fluids, and in particular their H₂O/CO₂ ratio, can influence the melting temperatures, the location of hydration or carbonation reactions, and the solute transport capability in several rock systems. In the scientific literature, COH fluids speciation has been generally assumed on the basis of thermodynamic calculations using equations of state of simple H₂O–nonpolar gas systems (e.g., H₂O–CO₂–CH₄). Only few authors dealt with the experimental determination of high‐pressure COH fluid species at different conditions, using diverse experimental and analytical approaches (e.g., piston cylinder + capsule piercing + gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; cold seal + silica glass capsules + Raman). In this contribution, we present a new methodology for the synthesis and the analysis of COH fluids in experimental capsules, which allows the quantitative determination of volatiles in the fluid by means of a capsule‐piercing device connected to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. COH fluids are synthesized starting from oxalic acid dihydrate at P = amb and T = 250°C in single capsules heated in a furnace, and at P = 1 GPa and T = 800°C using a piston‐cylinder apparatus and the double‐capsule technique to control the redox conditions employing the rhenium–rhenium oxide oxygen buffer. A quantitative analysis of H₂O, CO₂, CH₄, CO, H₂, O₂, and N₂ along with associated statistical errors is obtained by linear regression of the m/z data of the sample and of standard gas mixtures of known composition. The estimated uncertainties are typically <1% for H₂O and CO₂, and <5% for CO. Our results suggest that the COH fluid speciation is preserved during and after quench, as the experimental data closely mimic the thermodynamic model both in terms of bulk composition and fluid speciation.     

Late Precambrian algal megafossils Chuaria and Tawuia in some areas of eastern China

Chuaria is widespread in Late Precambrian deposits throughout the world. In China it has been found in the Jingeryu Formation of Jixian County, Tianjin, and in its equivalents in eastern China including the Nanfen Formation of Liaoning and Jilin Provinces, and the Liulaobei Formation of Anhui Province. In the latter, Chuaria is associated with the genus Tawuia which Hofmann (in Hofmann & Aitken, 1979) described as algae of undertermined affinity and which is based on material from Canada. The glauconitic sandstone directly resting upon Chuaria-bearing greyish-green shale of the Jingeryu Formation in Jixian County has a K-Ar age of 0.899 Ga. This paper describes C. circularis Walcott, T. dalensis Hofmann and T. sinensis n. sp., and discusses the morphology, biological and taxonomic affinities, and age and geographic distribution of Chuaria. Because of the association of Chuaria and Tawuia in the Mackenzie Mountains, Canada, and also in the area of Shouxian County, Anhui Province, China, it is considered that Chuaria and Tawuia probably have close affinities. According to their general morphology and occurrence, both may be marine planktonic multicellular algae.     

Metaceratodus kaopen comb. nov. and M. wichmanni comb. nov., two Late Cretaceous South American species of an austral lungfish genus (Dipnoi)

Cione, A.L. & Gouiric-Cavalli, S., June 2012. Metaceratodus kaopen comb. nov. and M. wichmanni comb. nov., two Late Cretaceous South American species of an austral lungfish genus (Dipnoi). Alcheringa 36, 203–216. ISSN 0311-5518.

Metaceratodus wollastoni, an Australian species, was reported from Upper Cretaceous beds of Patagonia in 1997. Later, three new species (Ceratodus wichmanni, Ptychoceratodus kaopen and Ptychoceratodus cionei), based on scarce material, were described from the same region. Two of these species were later referred to Ferganoceratodus. After examining much more abundant and better-preserved material, we conclude that neither the occurrence of Metaceratodus wollastoni nor those of Ptychoceratodus and Ferganoceratodus in the Cretaceous of South America are supported. We consider that C. wichmanni and P. cionei are synonyms and we reassign the three putative species to Metaceratodus under two new combinations: M. kaopen comb. nov. and M. wichmanni comb. nov. Both differ from the other species of the genus in having pits over most of the occlusal surface and a different occlusal profile of the tooth plate, and most have four ridges in the lower and upper tooth plates. Metaceratodus wichmanni differs from M. kaopen in oclussal profile, inner angle, and symphysis development among other features. Metaceratodus kaopen is known from the upper Santonian–lower Campanian Anacleto Formation of Río Negro province and M. wichmanni from upper Campanian–lower Maastrichtian units of Chubut, Río Negro, Neuquén and Mendoza provinces, Argentina. The occurrence of Metaceratodus in southern South America corroborates a close biogeographical relationship with Australia in the latest Cretaceous.

Alberto Luis Cione [acione@museo.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar] and Soledad Gouiric-Cavalli [sgouiric@museo.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar], División Paleontología Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, W1900FWA La Plata, Argentina. Received 23.11.2010, revised 11.7.2011, accepted 7.8.2011.

     

New light on early caprine herding strategies from isotope analysis: a case study from Neolithic Anatolia

The measurement of stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotopes of caprine bone collagen from the Neolithic sites of Çatalhöyük and Aşıklı Höyük in south-central Anatolia have allowed examination of exploitation and herding practices of sheep and goats. The isotope values from protodomestic caprines at Aşıklı Höyük suggests that these animals were consuming very similar foods to each other and were all confined to the same or similar environments with no access to C₄ plants. At Çatalhöyük, the results show how the caprine management strategy develops from the strategy seen at Aşıklı Höyük into a more varied practice at an early stage as the site grows with an increasing dietary contribution obtained from C₄ plants. No change in diet is isotopically discernible at Aşıklı Höyük. Interestingly, no distinction could be made between the diets of sheep and goats at either site. Therefore, such studies are a useful method of examining the development of early herding or management strategies of caprines in the Near East.     

Stable oxygen (δO) and hydrogen (δD) isotopes in ovicaprid dentinal collagen record seasonal variation

Understanding paleoenvironmental conditions, including the frequency and amplitude of seasonal variation, is crucial to understanding a wide array of human behaviors in prehistory. In vertebrate calcified tissue, inorganic oxygen isotopes derived from apatite have been widely used as a proxy for paleoenvironment and seasonality in the archaeological record. However, organic sources of δ¹⁸O and δD in mineralized tissue have remained largely unexplored. Here we measure the oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and hydrogen (δD) composition of dentin collagen sequentially sampled from the lower cheek teeth of four modern ovicaprids from the Baga Gazar'in Chuluu (BGC) region of the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. A significant correlation between trends in hydrogen and oxygen isotope values within individual teeth was identified. The amplitude of isotopic variation observed in sampled tooth dentin is similar to the yearly range of hydrogen and oxygen isotopic variation observed in meteoric precipitation for the region. These data indicate that dentin collagen δ¹⁸O and δD isotopic values reflect seasonal variation in the organic oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of diet and ingested water. We argue that paired measurements of dentin collagen δ¹⁸O and δD appear to be reliable seasonal climatic indicators.     

Establishing the Public Sphere and Abolishing the Private Domain: The Rise of a Doctrine and Its Social Significance in the Spring and Autumn Period

The dominant views regarding the concepts of “the public” (gong) and “the private” (si) took shape in the Spring and Autumn period and matured in the succeeding years of the Warring States period. This paper is an attempt to trace both the growth of the vocabulary containing “gong” and “si” and the development of philosophical views regarding issues that center on the relation between the individual and the larger social/communal/political body, of which that individual is a member; it also touches on issues related to the proper handling of public affairs and the relation between state, sovereign, and the individual. The era is often characterized as “The Contention of the Hundred Schools of Thought,” notwithstanding it ended with but one view that is universally accepted by thinkers of diverse persuasion, namely, si is the source of all social evil and, therefore, should be condemned. This is the doctrine known as ligong miesi (abolishing si so gong may be established), which contributed to the orthodox for that era and the millennium to come. By extolling gong and condemning si, it painted a portrait of the pair as two irreconcilable norms or forces in social and political life; it provided a justification for the then emerging new social arrangement and ways of distribution of power and resources, and it also led to acute conflicts between the sovereign and the state, the ruled and the ruler, the state and the subject, as well as the public sphere and the private domain. Translated from Nankai Journal, Vols. 4, 5, 2004     

Opposing peace: English political pamphlets against the Treaty of Madrid in 1630

ABSTRACT

In November 1630 the Treaty of Madrid was signed between Philip IV, king of Spain, and Charles I, king of England. During the peace negotiations several pamphlets critical of the pro-Spanish policy of Charles I were printed in England. These publications contributed to the development of an increasing criticism of Charles I, by identifying his neutral European policy with pro-Spanish policies. The anti-Spanish and anti-Catholic rhetoric, which formed the basis of this criticism, was used to promote an aggressive foreign policy and consequently an active opposition to the king. The following pamphlets are discussed in this paper: Considerations T ouching a W arre with Spaine; The M erchandises of Popish P riests; The English Spanish Pilgrim; Further O bservations of the English Spanish Pilgrim; The P ractise of P rinces; The P resent E state of Spayne; and Three S everall T reatises C oncerning the T ruce.     

Dating the Ramat Saharonim Late Neolithic desert cult site

The Ramat Saharonim site, located in the central Negev desert, Israel, consists of four shrines in a shallow valley and 30 tumuli, aligned on two cuesta cliffs on the valley's sides. Previous assessments based on site surveys suggested a general chronological span from Late Neolithic period (ca. 5000–5500 BC) through the Early Bronze Age (third millennium BC). Excavations in one shrine and three tumuli revealed a well-constructed double wall at the shrine and seven primary adult burials in the three tumuli. Quartz from sediment samples post-dating the construction of the burials and shrine was dated by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) using the single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) protocol, and charcoal and leather samples were dated by ¹⁴C. The OSL results for a burial in one tumulus are 7500 ± 700 to 6000 ± 600 years. In a second tumulus, OSL ages of 2000 ± 200–1800 ± 170 years and a ¹⁴C age on leather of 390–200 BC (2340–2150 cal BP) imply that this burial is Nabatean and that the site was used also in the Hellenistic period. Two ¹⁴C ages on charcoal from the shrine give an age between 5280 and 4710 BC (7230–6660 cal BP). OSL single aliquot ages for sediment from the shrine are highly scattered and far too old (60,000 to 12,000 years). The unlikely old ages are due to insufficient resetting of the OSL signal of some of the quartz grains when sand was blown onto the site. Indeed, single grain measurements for six samples of sediment postdating the shrine show a very large range of grain ages, but with a distinct young population in all samples. Ages calculated from these young populations average 5400 ± 800, in better consistence with the ¹⁴C dates and confirming our supposition that only some of the transported grains were reset at the time of deposition. The combined OSL and ¹⁴C dating shows that the shrines and tumuli are contemporaneous and attributes the complex to the Late Neolithic. This has clear ramifications for our understanding of the period and the rise of desert pastoral societies.     

Late Silurian pentameride brachiopods from Yass and Molong,New South Wales

The five known species of pentameride brachiopods from the Yass Syncline Ludlow (LateSilurian) succession, belonging to the superfamilies Pentameroidea, Gypiduloidea and Clorindoidea, are fully revised; no new species are recognised. The pentameroids Conchidium sp. cf. hospes and Aliconchidium yassi are confined to the Bowspring Limestone Member (Silverdale Formation). The gypiduloid Ascanigypa glabra and externally homeomorphic clorindoids Barrandina wilkinsoni and Clorinda minor replace them in the overlying Barrandella Shale Member, the last two extending into the Yarwood Siltstone Member (Black Bog Shale). Clorinda minor is also possibly present in the Rainbow Hill Member (Rosebank Shale). All except C. minor are uncommon to rare components of the Yass brachiopod fauna. Clorinda molongensis, a species of uncertain mid- to late Silurian age from the Molong Limestone, is also revised. Aliconchidium and Barrandina are known only from Yass, whereas Clorinda is cosmopolitan. Conchidium alsois widespread, but C. hospes is a species from the Prague Basin probably also known from the Urals and the Tien Shan. Ascanigypa is another Prague Basin taxon, recently recognised in Arctic Canada.