Policy Cues and Ideology in Attitudes toward Charter Schools

Charter schools have generated support from politicians in both major American political parties while stimulating intense debate among interest groups. We investigate whether and how public attitudes reflect interest group polarization or politician consensus. Using an original survey, we find that charter school opinions diverge along ideological lines among high‐information respondents. With embedded experiments, we manipulate respondents' information using policy cues tied to opposing sides of the charter debate: We assess whether the role of private companies and nonunion teachers changes support for charter schools. We find that the public responds favorably to some informational cues; conservatives without prior information are especially persuaded by information about nonunion teachers. This explains how polarized opinion can develop even in the absence of strong partisan sorting among top political leaders and clarifies the partisan and ideological context of ongoing education policy debates.     

Notes on the Seals of Endowed Grammer Schools in England and Wales

Abstract

Excavation and architectural analysis at Kirkham Priory between 1978 and 1984 have led to a re-appraisal of the structural development of that important Augustinian house which was perhaps founded in 1122 and suppressed in 1539. In particular, the early development of the church was resolved, an important western axial tower identified, and the thirteenth-century presbytery placed in context. The ground-plan of the fourteenth-century gatehouse was recovered and its twelfth-century predecessor identified. A new study of the standing remains has identified the development pattern of the claustral ranges which can now be related to the economic history of the priory. In addition, the discovery of a ceramic water-main of later-twelfth-century date provides a rare example of the use of pottery water-pipes in England.     

Social Polarization and the Politics of Low Income Mortgage Lending in the United States

ABSTRACT The structured inequalities of capital investment and disinvestment are prominent themes in critical urban and regional research, but many accounts portray ‘capital’ as a global, faceless and placeless abstraction operating according to a hidden, unitary logic. Sweeping political‐economic shifts in the last generation demonstrate that capital may shape urban and regional processes in many different ways, and each of these manifestations creates distinct constraints and opportunities. In this paper, we analyze a new institutional configuration in the USA that is reshaping access to wealth among the poor – a policy ‘consensus’ to expand home‐ownership among long‐excluded populations. This shift has opened access to some low‐ and moderate‐income households, and racial and ethnic minorities, but the necessary corollary is a greater polarization between those who are able to own and those who are not. We provide a critical analysis of these changes, drawing on national housing finance statistics as well as a multivariate analysis of differences between owners and renters in the 1990s in New York City. As home‐ownership strengthens its role as a privatized form of stealth urban and housing policy in the USA, its continued expansion drives a corresponding reconstruction of its value for different groups, and inscribes a sharper axis of property‐rights inequalities among owners and renters in the working classes.     

瑞士周末华文学校——一种全球性的社会迁移策略

本文根据对瑞士华文学校和华文夏令营的观察和对瑞士华人和台湾教师的访谈,描述了华人移民瑞士的主要情况及其多样化的网络和社会性;介绍了传授华文的组织机构概况和大陆与台湾在支持华文教育举措上的异同;分析探讨了在不同背景下认同类型的变化;意图反映受访者对＂文化＂和＂语言＂这两个概念的不同理解和阐释。主要观点是,保持这种被认定为统一的＂华人＂认同,是一种全球性的社会迁移策略,有助于他们更好地融入瑞士或者中国。     

金代兴学与教育发展

金代建国之初,文化教育较为落后。经过几位君王的努力和两次大规模的兴学,到金代中后期,探索出多民族国家发展教育的新途径,汉、女真两套学校教育系统建立并完备起来。金代的教育发展取得了显著的成效,也颇具特色。其成功的经验得到了当时文人和后世学者的肯定。     

明代都匀卫学、府学建置背景探析

明初,诏令天下府、州、县、卫、司建立学校。终明之世,明王朝相继在都匀设卫置府,建立卫、府学,开办儒学教育,培养才俊。本文对明代都匀卫、府学建置背景进行考察,旨在从教育这一视角了解明代都匀地区概貌。     

Theorizing the Submerged State: The Politics of Private Schools in the United States

In this paper, I apply Mettler's concept of the “submerged state” to aid for children at private schools in the United States, including education vouchers, in‐kind aid, and property tax exemptions. All aid policies are “submerged” in that they help private organizations take on state functions but some are more submerged than others. Theoretically, this paper distinguishes between subcategories of submergence. Using policy data from 50 states and an original database of court challenges between 1912 and 2015, I employ probit regression with sample selection to evaluate the effect of submergence on successful court challenge. I find that more submerged policies are less likely to be successfully challenged than less submerged policies. Submerged policy design enables supporters to avoid legal as well as political challenge.     

试论日本华侨学校的法律地位及其所带来的问题

作为日本华侨社会的主要教育设施,华侨学校不仅为华侨子弟的教育做出了贡献,也为整个华侨社会的统合和稳定发展以及中日文化的交流立下了汗马功劳。华侨学校具有持日本国籍的学生增多、学生总体趋向多元化,毕业生去向以升人日本学校为主流,以民族教育和升学教育为两大教学目标及注重培养学生的国际化观念等特点。但由于华侨学校长期处于边缘化的法律地位,故在学生入学、升学及学校财政等方面都受到了极大的限制。这也直接影响到了华侨学校教育活动的实施。     

The Contribution of Volunteering, Trust, and Networks to Educational Performance

Social capital can have a beneficial effect on public policy outcomes by helping to solve collective action problems and by providing individuals and communities with efficient social networks. In education, it also assists students' self-confidence, which can foster motivation and academic success. To investigate the social capital-outcome link, this article analyzes a panel survey of 15–16 and 16–17 year olds in 27 English schools, testing whether social capital, both at the individual and at the school levels, tends to increase grades and examination performance. The analysis concludes that individual-level trust and voluntary action improve pupil performance, but that the parental networks of some young people, particularly those from low socioeconomic status families, have negative rather than positive consequences. The findings add to a debate about the differential impact of social capital and the relative importance of its bridging and its bonding elements.     

民国时期福建乡村的华侨中小学校

近代以后,新式教育逐渐传入福建,但由于各级政府财力所限,基础教育投入不及广大乡村。而旅居海外的福建华侨返乡兴学之举则在一定程度上补其不足,为乡村的适龄儿童提供了受教育的场所,并以其兴办新学的教育实践,在长期处于落后状态的福建乡村地区发挥了重要的教育示范和导向作用,推进了新式教育在乡村的发展,一定程度上缩减了城乡教育的差距,从而富有成效地充当了福建教育现代化的先导。     

近代西北皮毛产地及流通市场研究

甘肃、宁夏、青海、新疆、绥远、察哈尔以及陕西的北部位于我国农牧分界线以北地区,是我国主要的皮毛产地,近代中国70%以上的皮毛产于这一地区。近代西北皮毛市场兴起是以天津开埠为起点。天津开埠后逐渐成为中国北方最大的港口和出口市场,其经济腹地不断由华北向西北延伸,带动了近代西北皮毛市场的兴起。近代中外贸易的主要特点是西方列强利用不平等条约对中国原料的掠夺。因此,在西北皮毛市场兴起的过程中,外商、洋行、买办起了先导作用。在近代西北皮毛的市场链中,以产地市场为基础,以中转市场为枢纽,以出口市场为尾闾,形成了比较完整的市场体系。皮毛市场的勃兴,对西北区域市场与国际市场的联系产生了至关重要的作用,增加了西北地区经济发展的现代化因素。     

Faith,philanthropy and the aged poor in nineteenth-century England and Wales

In the last half of the nineteenth century, Victorians grappled with welfare issues regarding the aged poor as social investigators sought to explain their dependency and poverty. Elderly men and women who were unable to care for themselves, and without a family or community to attend to their needs, had few alternatives outside the workhouse in nineteenth-century England and Wales. Catholic homes for the elderly managed by communities of women religious such as the Sisters of Nazareth provided an important option to the aged poor who often needed both accommodation and medical care. These homes provided a unique form of social welfare which attracted the attention of Protestants as well as Catholics as benefactors. Protestant reformers, looking for different approaches to maintaining the aged poor, inspected these Catholic homes in order to develop their own institutional solutions. Perhaps more pointedly, this interaction between Protestants and Catholics offers a counter narrative to the usual histories that emphasise anti-Catholicism, sectarianism and conflict. Despite the anti-Catholic tenor of the times, the homes for the aged of the Sisters of Nazareth were recognized and funded by both Catholics and Protestants as they were seen as providing a much needed form of charitable aid for the aged poor. As an alternative to poor law workhouses, the institutions created and managed by Catholic women religious formed an integral part of the mixed economy of welfare in the nineteenth century.     

辛亥革命时期的民团与社会权势转移--以《江西民报》为中心的研究

地方军事化是我们探讨中国传统社会结构与政治体制转型的重要视角,它集中体现了国家对地方社会控制权的下移和基层社会的“自治化”进程。辛亥革命时期民团的大量出现,标志着地方社会军事化的形成。民团在由“民间自办”到“官督民办”过程中,逐渐成为基层社会新的权力中心和新、旧社会力量重组的舞台。民团的兴起与发展,集中地反映了晚清以来的地方自治进程与新政时期的地方政治格局,揭示了中国近代社会变迁的内在机制。     

日美欧电力市场化改革的经验及借鉴

本文从电力市场化改革的目标、途径、市场建设、电价、监管、立法、操作过程等几个方面,归纳总结了日美欧各国电力市场化改革的共性和经验,并且指出了存在的问题,最后在借鉴的基础上,提出了深化我国电力市场化改革的政策建议。     

New evidence of noble and gentry piety in fifteenth-century England and Wales

There has been much recent examination of late medieval lay piety in order to understand the background to Henry VIII's reformation, notably Colin Richmond's studies of the ‘privatised’ religion of the English gentry. Such work has largely over-looked papal sources and the associated issue of relations between English and Welsh society and the papacy. This article seeks to remedy this neglect by presenting new evidence from the registers of the papal penitentiary. In the late middle ages the papal penitentiary was the highest office in the western Church concerned with matters of conscience and the principal source of papal absolutions, dispensations and licences. Petitions seeking such favours were copied in its registers, and this article especially concerns petitions from English and Welsh gentry seeking licences to have a portable altar or to appoint a personal confessor (littere confessionales). It also examines their requests for various other favours that illustrate their piety, notably regarding fasting, chastity and pilgrimage. The article contests Richmond's notion of ‘privatised’ gentry religion and similar distinctions between elite and popular or personal and collective religion. It appends translations of three significant documents from the penitentiary registers and a statistical table concerning requests for littere confessionales.     

Real Estate FDI in Chinese Cities: Local Market Conditions and Regional Institutions

Two China-based geographers test the importance of market conditions and local institutions in determining the locational pattern of foreign direct investment in real estate development (FDIRE), a major component of China's urban growth since the 1980s. Using data from 35 major Chinese cities, they trace the diffusion of FDIRE from a concentration in China's major coastal cities in the late 1990s to a more dispersed pattern including large inland cities in 2008. In addition to investigating the general association between FDIRE, local market opportunities, and liberalized economies/more developed land markets, the authors assess differences in the locational behaviors of developers from Hong Kong-Taiwan-Macao and foreign countries. A concluding section explores the implications of FDIRE activity for the restructuring of China's urban system. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: F210, L850, O180, R330. 3 figures, 7 tables, 35 references.     

Local Labour Markets and the Reconfiguration of the Sugar Industry in Northeast Brazil

This paper focuses on a set of debates surrounding the working of local labour markets in the depressed sugarcane sector of Pernambuco, which faces strong competition from the Centre-South of Brazil. Millowner, planter, labour and union perspectives on current problems in the sugar industry and their solution are reviewed, with particular reference to issues of low productivity, access to land and the potential for diversification out of sugar. Historical antagonisms between (white) landowner classes and (black) labour, and their reworking in recent years, complicated by competing economic rationalities between these groups, make progress towards viable, sustainable socioeconomic improvement difficult. Employer attempts at reconfiguration of the labour market by relocating sites of labour reproduction (thereby breaking old social attachments) while retaining control over labour at sites of production bring continued conflict with the unions.     

马来西亚民间华文历史文献的类别及其对方志研究的作用*A

论文根据田野调查的经验,分析了马来西亚民间华文历史文献的类别,并从组织序列、历史序列两方面,探讨了马来西亚乡土历史的书写内容和方法,归纳其对方志研究的作用。马来西亚的史学乃至华人研究,除了少数几位民间文史工作者,一般皆以传统文献切入,学者下乡采集文献资料较少,故此民间华文历史文献的采集和研究工作可谓大有可为。除地方文化研究必须依托民间文献方克有成外,华人民俗文化的研究依赖民间文献之处更为显著。这两个领域恰好正是殖民政府和现今的国家机器较少涉入,乃至不闻不问、任其自行发展的地带。近一二十年随着国家经济发展,迅猛的城市化,无所不在的西化,许多地方特色在发展洪流中消失。因此,马来西亚的民间华文历史文献采集和研究有待进一步深入。