二二六事件、西安事变和七七事变

七七卢沟桥事变之所以迅速成为远东战争全面爆发的导火索,是因为在事变之前日本和中国的政局均发生了重大变化。1936年发生在日本的二二六事件,形成了以主张全面侵华的军部法西斯为核心的政制、经济和对外战略的“举国一致”;同年发生在中国的西安事变,也初步形成了各党各派各界团结御侮、联合抗日的民族统一战线,不可能再对日本的侵略退让。日本当局无视中国政局的变化,执意推行既定的侵华方针,是造成七七事变引发远东全面战争的真正原因。     

3. EVOCATION, ANALYSIS, AND THE "CRISIS OF LIBERALISM"

In The Years of Extermination , the second volume of Nazi Germany and the Jews , Saul Friedländer attempts to write an "integrated" history of the Holocaust that captures the "convergence" of German decisions and policies, the reaction of the surrounding world, and the perceptions and experiences of the Jews. Although several historiographical issues are studied in detail (the role of Hitler, the evolution of Nazi anti-Jewish policy, and the role of the Christian churches), the most innovative aspect of the book is its extensive use of excerpts from over forty diaries of Jewish victims, which are interspersed among the statements of Nazi leaders and officials, Wehrmacht soldiers, churchmen, and various collaborators and bystanders in order to juxtapose "entirely different levels of reality." What ultimately holds the book together, despite its intentionally disrupted narrative and Friedländer's disclaimer that the history of the Holocaust can be encompassed within any "single conceptual framework," is the overarching theme of the "crisis of liberalism."     

1958至1960年艾森豪威尔政府对印尼的“双轨政策”

1958—1960年,艾森豪威尔政府确立了同时与苏加诺以及印尼陆军发展关系的“双轨”政策。该政策是美国对印尼政策演变的一个重要环节,奠定了美国对苏加诺政权政策的基础。双轨政策是在意识到美国对印尼政策目标和政策手段有限、美印(尼)关系具有较强不确定性和较多制约性因素的背景下制定的,带有浓厚的过渡色彩。双轨政策的确立,标志着美国开始调整与印尼民族主义的关系。美国对印尼政策的重点由促使印尼走上与西方联合、共同反共的道路,转向了利用印尼民族主义,抑制印尼共,阻止印尼与东方阵营的联合。     

试论柯林武德对“末世论”的批评

柯林武德高度评价了基督教下的中世纪史学 ,但对其末世论给予了激烈批评。柯林武德的批评在理解大前提下并非无误 ,他要求内在于历史中理解过去 ,但又在现在基点上去理解过去 ,未来尚未实存则无法思想 ,由之反对末世论史学。末世论史学已经在近代影响了历史学的发展 ,而“未来”存在于历史中 ,影响着人们的生活 ,历史撰述需要关注人们对未来的预期。