明朝在西藏的统治地位（英文）

During the historic process that Tibet became an inalienable part of China,the Ming dynasty was one of the important phases.The central government of the Ming dynasty,especially Emperors Hongwu and Yongle paid significant attention to governing Tibet.They not only inherited the Yuan dynasty?s rights in Tibet,but also made some adjustments.     

湖南津市窖藏元代金银器

A set of buried objects was found in Jin Shi, Hunan province in the May of 1984. The identification shows that two of them are ranked the nation‘s 1st rank treasures. Analyzed by their shape and decoration, they are of Yuan dynasty and bear the features of those of Song Dynasty. The designs on them are rather complicated, such as the dragon and phoenix, coiled grass, meander pattern, linked beads, and plum blossom, which are usually found in the objects of Yuan dynasty. The refined craftsmanship and gorgeous decoration demonstrate fully the features of Yuan dynasty.     

说汉阳陵"罗经石"遗址的建筑设计

This article discusses the architectural plan of the so-celled“ Stone of Compass“ Site of the Han Dynasty, Located in the south of the mausoleum of Han Emperor Jing. Based on new archaeological finds published in recent years, the author concludes three points: First, the square building on the site is very similar to the design of the board of Liu Bo game that was very popular in the Han dynasty; Second, it also is closely related to the design of the Han mirror with Liu Bo pattern; Third,this site has a similar layout to a famous ritual building,i.e.Wang Mang‘s Ming Tang Hall.Finally, the author explores the nature of this site, and suggests that it should be the Mausoleum Temple of Han Emperor Jing, i.e.De Yang Temple, indicating that there is a close relationship between the early plan of the Ming Tang Hall before Emperor Jing and later Mausoleum temples.     

The Dissemination and Transformation of Han Chinese-style Sudhana or Chinese-Style Children in Tibetan Buddhist Art during the Ming Dynasty

The Ming Dynasty was one of the important periods of cultural exchange and amalgamation between Han Chinese and Tibetans.Along with the governance of Tibet and other Tibetan areas by the Central Government of the Ming Dynasty,Tibetan culture represented by Buddhism and its art was disseminated in the interior of China,primarily in Nanjing city and Beijing city,the capital of the Ming dynasty.At the same time,Chinese culture represented by Chinese Buddhism and its art was also introduced into Tibet and other Tibetan areas.     

Koh, Khee Heong, A Northern Alternative: Xue Xuan (1389-1464) and the Hedong School

How did a Neo-Confucian scholar who built no academies,who actually discouraged interested students from studying with him,and whose followers did not have a strong sense of group identity become the first scholar enshrined in the Ming dynasty's imperial Confucius Temple? This is the question that Khee Heong Koh seeks to answer in writing this masterful study of the Ming Neo-Confucian master Xue Xuan.After all,admission into that temple's rolls was a rare honor,one carefully controlled by every imperial court.Only four men were enshrined over the entire Ming dynasty,and Xue is interesting not only because he was the first to be enshrined,but also because he was the only one of the four from northern China.Koh provides us with a detailed picture of this heretofore largely forgotten scholar-official and how he came to be thus enshrined.But this is not simply a biographical study;Koh also problematizes the monolithic understanding of Ming China as having been completely captivated by the Wang Yangming School of Neo-Confucianism.     

浙江出土的金银器

The gold was put into use as early as Shang dynasty. From the late Tang dynasty on, the private gold and silver workshop came into being in accord with the improvement of excavation and workmanship systems, which stimulates greatly the gold and silver production in the southern China. Most of the gold and silver wares unearthed in Zhe Jiang are from Late Tang to Ming dynasty. Its categories and shapes are closely fit in with the needs of daily life.     

西藏夏鲁寺壁画中的“汉藏合璧”

Shalu Monastery is one of the most famous Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and is seated in Gyatso Shong Township of Shigatse Municipality in the Tibet Autonomous Region.The monastery is rich in murals that total over a thousand square meters in wall space,putting on display a fine example of Tibetan Buddhist mural art from the Yuan dynasty.     

GOLD TILE HALL OF THE TAR MONASTERY UNDER REPAIR

Following in the wake of the repair of some halls at Tar Monastery in the 1992-1995 period, with the help of a State Council allocation to the tune of 37 million Yuan, the monastery will see the repair of its Gold Tile Hall with another 14 million Yuan from the State Council. The repair project has started, and it is expected to be completed before the end of the year. In the 12th year of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) Emperor Hong Wu, a Lotus Gathering Pagoda was built in the place where…     

陶瓷上的龙纹

Dragon is the most popular pattern in decoration art in China the usage of such design spread all over China and could be commonly foun in ceramics from shang zhou dynasties to Ming,Qing dynasties Especially in the ming and qaing dynasties,the dragon as a decoation pattern is always changing which posseses its own styie in sturcture and form,the traditional Chinese bellefs omen are reflected in such pottert as dragon.     

MING DYNASTY RULE OVER TIBET

In 1368, when Zhu Yuanzhang brought down the Yuan Dynasty and founded the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), he sized up the situation and worked out a policy for ruling Tibet.Unlike the Yuan Dynasty, which supported the Sagya Sect exclusively, the Ming court decided to give as many official titles to lamas with various Tibetan Buddhist sects as possible; both monk and lay people were given official titles.For this purpose, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty sent officials carrying imperial…     

Bossler,Beverly, Courtesans,Concubines, and the Cult of Female Fidelity

Employing a wealth of detailed evidence, the author of the book portrays an ambitious picture of gender relations in the roughly five centuries from late-Tang to late-Yuan. In order to make the incredibly complicated picture more organized, Bossier divides the book chronologically into three time periods, the Northern Song （with a little part touching on the late Tang）, the Southern Song, and the Yuan. Within each time period, Bossier analyzes three major categories of women---courtesans, concubines, and wives--in that sequence. Such arrangement is a clear sign of her argument： from Song to Yuan, writings on men＇s romantic relationship with courtesans gradually gave way to wives＇ fidelity and obligations, which was being applied more generally to all women, including courtesans, courtesan-concubines, and concubines. The application of wifely virtue to all women promoted the status of concubines within the family, as they were expected to behave and be treated like respectable wives. As a consequence, wives＇ authority declined, especially when sons produced by wives and concubines received equal treatment. Such a practice stressed the importance of paternal side while ignoring the maternal one, hence greatly intensified the patriline.     

How Did the Ming Dynasty Rule Tibet？

In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty ( 1368-1644). In the autumn of the same year, Ming forces took over Dadu, capital of the Yuan Dynasty. All places of China including the Tibetan-inhabited areas outside Tibet pledged loyalty to the new dynasty.     

扶如石 衔如玉五彩缤纷话澄泥

Chemniink-stone was one of the four mosl famous ink-stones,which adopted liltered soil to make grinding objects attributed to ceramics ink-stone its manufacture appeaed in the tang dynasty first in jiangzhou of shanxi,popular in the song dynasty it is hard and durable while produring delicare and moist inks its capability of boarding ink and water can be compared with stone hard and durable while produeing delicare and moist inks,inks,its capability of boarding ink and water can be compared with stone inkslab.     

明朝时期汉式善财童子在藏传佛教艺术中的传播（英文）

正The Ming Dynasty was one of the important periods of cultural exchange and amalgamation between Han Chinese and Tibetans.Along with the governance of Tibet and other Tibetan areas by the Central Government of the Ming Dynasty,Tibetan culture represented by Buddhism and its art was disseminated in the interior of China,     

How Did the Ming Dynasty Rul Tibet?

n 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644). In the autumnof the same year, Ming forces took over Dadu, capital of the Yuan Dynasty. Allplaces of China including the Tibetan-inhabited areas outside Tibet pledgedIloyalty to the new dynasty.N…     

The Administrative System in Tibet during the Tang and Yuan Dynasties

(1)China's Tang Dynasty (618-907) and Yuan dynasty(1279-1368) were of epoch-making importance in theformation and development of the Tibetan ethnicgroup.Numerous ethnic tribes began to unite,and theprocess of evolution from a tribal to a political societywas basically completed over the span of the twodynasties.The advanced political,ec,onomic and cul-rural systems of the Han people were introduced intoTibet,primitive tribes were gradually replaced by a     

生态旅游助力结巴村经济发展（英文）

正The lake of Basum Co lies in Gongbo Gyamda County of Nyingchi City in Tibet Autonomous Region.In Tibetan,Basum Co means"the lake beneath three rocky mountains."It is a national forest park and a 5A-class tourist attraction.In late autumn,mountains are reflected in the calm water.The blue lake shares a scenic hue with the vast sky.     

THE QING COURT＇S POLICIES TOWARDS NATIONALITIES, RELIGIONS AND THE ESTABLISHMENT OF LAMA BANNERS

I.The Development of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia and the Qing Court＇s Policies towards Nationalities and Religions
During the late Ming Dynasty （Altan Khan＇s reign in Northern Yuan）, the Gelug Sect, one sect of Tibetan Buddhism （the Yellow Hat Sect）,2 prevailed in Mongolia once again, and soon after that, the local people embraced it. Until the first half of the I7th century, all the Mongols in the north, south and west of the Gobi Desert accepted the Gelug Sect, However,