陕西省社会经济重心与环境污染重心的演变路径及其对比分析

本文在考察重心研究现状的基础上,提出了重心路径几何图示分析法,计算了1989-2003年陕西省社会经济重心与环境污染重心的演变路径,从移动方向、移动距离、路径对比、斜率分析、空间相关性分析等多角度阐述了社会经济重心与环境污染重心的动态变化及空间联系。     

1990-2009年中国区域差异与空间格局——以人口重心与经济重心为例

利用至2009年的省级数据,与前人结论进行了对比,纠正了某些认识。①与我国几何中心相比,人口重心和经济重心均表现出不均衡性;②政策因素和由此导致的开放程度、开放时序的差别,是区域差异的最主要原因之一;③经济危机是经济重心产生剧烈跳动的主要原因;④广东省人口的快速增长是人口重心持续的西南向移动的真正原因,而经济重心的东南向移动是珠江三角洲和长江三角洲经济发展共同作用的结果;⑤人口重心和第一产业重心较为吻合,而与经济重心、第二产业重心、第三产业重心较为离散。     

Measuring potential spatial access to primary health care physicians using a modified gravity model

Ensuring equity of access to primary health care (PHC) across Canada is a continuing challenge, especially in rural and remote regions. Despite considerable attention recently by the World Health Organization, Health Canada and other health policy bodies, there has been no nation-wide study of potential (versus realized) spatial access to PHC. This knowledge gap is partly attributable to the difficulty of conducting the analysis required to accurately measure and represent spatial access to PHC. The traditional epidemiological method uses a simple ratio of PHC physicians to the denominator population to measure geographical access. We argue, however, that this measure fails to capture relative access. For instance, a person who lives 90 minutes from the nearest PHC physician is unlikely to be as well cared for as the individual who lives more proximate and potentially has a range of choice with respect to PHC providers. In this article, we discuss spatial analytical techniques to measure potential spatial access. We consider the relative merits of kernel density estimation and a gravity model. Ultimately, a modified version of the gravity model is developed for this article and used to calculate potential spatial access to PHC physicians in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia. This model incorporates a distance decay function that better represents relative spatial access to PHC. The results of the modified gravity model demonstrate greater nuance with respect to potential access scores. While variability in access to PHC physicians across the test province of Nova Scotia is evident, the gravity model better accounts for real access by assuming that people can travel across artificial census boundaries. We argue that this is an important innovation in measuring potential spatial access to PHC physicians in Canada. It contributes more broadly to assessing the success of policy mandates to enhance the equitability of PHC provisioning in Canadian provinces.     

A Statistical Method for Analyzing the Relative Location of Points in a Bounded Region

This paper develops a statistical method for analyzing the relative location of points in a bounded region. The location of points in relation to the center of the region in which they are located is discussed. Four spatial objects called reference objects are defined to represent the relative location: (1) the boundary, (2) skeleton, (3) nucleus, and (4) global center. The distribution of distance between points and a reference object yields a cumulative distribution function (CDF). Comparison of CDFs for a reference object allows us to analyze whether the points tend to be located close to the reference object or, for instance, whether the points are clustered around the center of the region. The significance of the CDF is statistically tested by Monte Carlo simulation. The method proposed is applied to the distribution of restaurants in retail clusters.     

沈阳经济区经济重心的演变及其轨迹分析

沈阳经济区作为国家新型工业化综合配套改革试验区,对其区域差异的研究具有重要的意义。通过研究区域自1992年以来经济重心的动态演化过程,得出该地区经济发展县际差异的动态变化规律,并且就其演化的机制因子进行了分析。研究表明:沈阳经济区经济重心主要介于沈阳市苏家屯区和辽阳市灯塔县之间,基本接近几何中心,并与几何中心的距离呈现不断缩小的趋势,表明区域经济发展的不平衡性在减弱。19年来,经济重心总的移动趋势为先由东北向西南移动,再由西南向东北推进,但移动轨迹呈现出一定的曲折和波动,其年移动距离和方向与区域经济发展水平、速度及政策等显现正相关关系,反映出区域不同时期发展战略政策的变化。     

中国城市的企业家精神——时空分布与影响因素

本文以每万人拥有的中小企业数量为代理变量,分析了中国城市企业家精神的空间分布格局、变化趋势和影响因素。结果表明,企业家精神整体提升的同时,地区差异也在扩大;空间自相关显著,集聚趋势不断增强;变化强度呈西减东增的趋势。互联网设施、人口多样性、沿海区位和资源环境压力、较高的女性比重、较少的政府干预和较低的国企占比和外资占比有促进作用;未发现集聚和房价的显著影响;而平均教育水平与企业家精神显著负相关,说明我国的创业类型、教育体制和内容还有待提升。     

浙江省区域创新中心空间格局及其驱动机制研究

区域创新中心建设对区域创新资源整合优化,发挥区域创新优势意义重大。研究运用最邻近距离、核密度估计、探索性空间分析等方法,分析浙江省区域创新中心空间分布、聚类特征及影响因素,得出以下结论:2013年浙江省区域创新中心空间分布整体呈现"周边少,中心多"的态势,空间点分布呈现凝聚特征,空间核分布存在明显不均衡现象;各县市区域创新中心空间分布同样呈现集聚特征,且存在明显的高值与低值集聚;区域创新中心的建设与发展需要市场各级主体的共同合作,同时还受到区域创新能力、经济发展水平、产业集群优势、政府政策因素以及空间邻近效应的影响。     

我国人口与社会经济重心的动态演变

本文利用区域重心的概念及其模型,计算了1978-2002年我国逐年的人口重心和社会经济重心,得到人口重心和社会经济重心的动态演变轨迹,分析了人口和社会经济发展区域差异的动态变化及其驱动因子,并对人口重心和社会经济发展重心的动态演变趋势进行了对比分析。     

乾隆前期直隶留养局的空间分布特点及原因分析

文章以同治《畿辅通志》为主要资料,对初创时期直隶留养局的空间分布进行探讨,揭示了其既普遍又不均衡的分布特点,并对形成该特点的原因进行了分析。指出行政命令的统一性是这一慈善组织普遍设立的主要原因,区域自然环境、自然灾害频繁程度、经济状况、人口密度、与交通线的关系以及地方官员的积极性等是影响其分布不均衡的因素。     

中国历史园林遗产时空演变特征及其影响因素

借助核密度分析、标准差椭圆和重心坐标探讨了历史园林遗产重心演化的轨迹与路径,梳理各类型历史园林时空分布,考察了影响其空间演化轨迹的重要因素。结果表明:我国历史园林遗产现状空间分布较为广泛,但空间集聚度高,分布不均衡,在园林类型上表现更为明显,与我国历史园林发展的脉络高度一致,与政治中心和经济中心迁移一致;不同类型的历史园林有着不同空间演变路径,皇家园林主要受朝代更迭与政令举措的影响,私家园林主要受经济发展与文化兴衰的影响,寺观园林主要受宗教政策与传教线路的影响。     

Agent-based simulation of the spatial evolution of the historical population in China

This paper presents an agent-based simulation (ABS) and cellular automata (CA) coupled model to simulate the spatial evolution of the population of China over the past 2000 years. In the model, agents are used to simulate individuals who live in a geographic environment represented by the CA. The choice to migrate is influenced by climate change, potential agricultural productivity change, and waves of mass migrations. Using the simulation, we can observe the spatial evolution of the population, as well as the shift of the population center of gravity, and we can analyze the driving forces of these changing spatial patterns.     

河南省城镇发展演化的时空格局研究

利用2004年河南省997个城镇数据及夏代以来的城镇演化空间数据,对河南省城镇发展进行了时空梳理,河南省城镇数量的变化可以划分为5个阶段,呈现出较强的波动性,其原因主要有:全国经济重心南移、政治重心北上、政府行政干预等。河南省城镇分布的最初格局受当时人们取水方式等技术条件的限制呈现沿水系分布的空间格局,铁路的兴建使河南省城镇布局的限制条件得到改善,公路建设使城镇布局更加趋于合理、均衡。但不同区域经济的增长使城镇分布又相对集中,20世纪90年代以来,全省城镇分布向均衡化方向发展,同时在局部地域又有较为集中的块区。河南省城镇的空间格局基本符合中心地理论,但各地域的主导因素有一定差异。     

POPULATION DISPERSION VS. CONCENTRATION IN A TWO‐REGION MIGRATION MODEL WITH ENDOGENOUS NATURAL AMENITIES*

ABSTRACT Contrary to the predictions of the basic spatial equilibrium model, the long‐run distribution of population across rural U.S. counties with high‐valued natural amenities has become relatively more concentrated versus dispersed. We provide an explanation by developing a two‐region model with mobile labor, production externalities and endogenous natural amenities. We find that strong preferences for natural amenities generally foster population dispersion. However, such preferences can also lead to population concentration when ecological degradation is low and man‐made capital is a relatively scarce input into natural amenity production. Investments that enhance natural amenities are found to reduce the divergence between the steady state and optimal outcomes.     

不同模型在镇域空间相互作用中的应用与比较分析——以湖北省大冶市为例

镇域尺度的空间相互作用研究对促进城乡统筹和城镇体系规划具有重要意义。本文借鉴最新研究成果,从理论及实践层面对镇域空间相互作用研究进行了探索,提出一种基于空间可达性的辐射模型,并与传统重力模型进行比较分析。以大冶市16个乡镇为例进行实例研究,结果表明:1辐射模型与实测数据的相似度较高,可以更好地反映镇域空间相互作用的客观规律;2两种模拟方法在体现空间相互作用的方向性以及结构特征方面具有显著差异;3辐射模型中影响范围的引入以及空间可达性对区域异质性的体现是其与重力模型的主要区别。     

The Diurnal Cycle of Regional Commuter Systems: North Wales, 1991

Places of household residence and places of commuter destination are considered in a contiguous system of subareas constituting a region. An intrahousehold distribution of household members, by subarea of their commuting destination, is considered for each subarea of residence. A household composition matrix is constructed in reference to the average number of commuters to subareas of destination, per household at a subarea of residence, across all subareas. The matrix is a linear transformation from the spatial distribution of households onto the spatial distribution of daytime population, over all subareas of the region. Diurnal population change throughout the region is rendered by this transformation. A linear optimization model extending this transformation formalizes general conditions that relate the diurnal population system to household choice of residence and work. Further, the division of the region into subareas is assumed to be such that the average household in each subarea contains at least one person who remains in the subarea during day and night. Under these conditions, the diurnal system is shown to be analogous to the Leontief input‐output model. An example of eleven counties of North Wales, along with an exogenous area of northwestern England, drawn from the 1991 census of the United Kingdom, illustrates the formal relationships.     

北京房地产中介空间格局演化特征及驱动因素分析

本文基于微观企业数据,采用泰森多边形、核密度及空间自相关方法,多尺度考察2001-2010年北京房地产中介门店空间格局演化特征,通过构建地理加权回归模型（GWR）,探究2010年房地产中介空间格局驱动因素。研究表明：①房地产中介集中分布在城六区,数量增速最快功能区是城市发展新区。②空间格局不均衡性增大,空间集聚态势加强。③集聚主核心点出现由"东城"向"朝阳"方向的东推位移,集聚程度加深,主核心区团块面积扩大,次级核心点增多,"两轴、两带、多中心"基本版图形成。④空间集聚现象明显,热点区域扩张,但始终集中在区域中心。⑤驱动效应最大的因素为常住人口,多种驱动因素效应均比较强的街区（乡镇）基本上属于各区县经济水平相对发达的区域。此外,政府政策对其影响也较大。     

A Note on the Spatial Correlation Structure of County-Level Growth in the U.S.

This paper examines the spatial correlation structure of county-level growth across the contiguous United States. Estimated spatial correlograms using data on four different measures of aggregate economic activity—population, employment, income, and earnings—over the period 1984–1994 indicate that cross-county interdependence is limited to relatively short ranges of distance. For each of the measures, the average correlation between the growth rates of two counties approaches zero within a range of approximately 200 miles. Moreover, the rate at which correlations decline with distance is not uniform. Inside of roughly 40 miles correlations show only a very slow rate of decline whereas beyond this range they drop off at a substantially higher rate.     

旅游吸引物空间结构分析——以中国首批国家4A级旅游区(点)为例

本文利用地理数学方法中的空间分析手段,通过对首批国家4A级旅游区(点)在不同地域范围的空间分布规律进行研究,以及对各旅游区(点)与非农业人口在20万以上的城市之间的空间关系分析,揭示了国家首批4A级旅游区(点)的空间结构整体特征,以及与不同规模客源市场之间的距离分异特征,为旅游目的地空间结构理论研究提供了基础方法。     

Spatial Distribution of City Tweets and Their Densities

Social media outlets such as Twitter constitute valuable data sources for understanding human activities in the virtual world from a geographic perspective. This article examines spatial distribution of tweets and densities within cities. The cities refer to natural cities that are automatically aggregated from a country's small street blocks, so called city blocks. We adopted street blocks (rather than census tracts) as the basic geographic units and topological center (rather than geometric center) to assess how tweets and densities vary from the center to the peripheral border. We found that, within a city from the center to the periphery, the tweets first increase and then decrease, while the densities decrease in general. These increases and decreases fluctuate dramatically, and differ significantly from those if census tracts are used as the basic geographic units. We also found that the decrease of densities from the center to the periphery is less significant, and even disappears, if an arbitrarily defined city border is adopted. These findings prove that natural cities and their topological centers are better than their counterparts (conventionally defined cities and city centers) for geographic research. Based on this study, we believe that tweet densities can be a good surrogate of population densities. If this belief is proved to be true, social media data could help solve the dispute surrounding exponential or power function of urban population density.     

Pattern Analysis Based on Type, Orientation, Size, and Shape

Quantifying the pattern of geographically defined areas has proven useful in analyzing and understanding geographic processes. Pattern analyses most commonly used by geographers measure the spatial distribution of nonspatial variables at each point or in each area. The objective of this research is to develop and assess a pattern analysis for area-class maps that considers more than the nonspatial attributes when describing a spatial pattern. We examine whether similar geographic areas—similar with respect to attribute type and several geometric properties—exhibit particular spatial patterns (e.g., clustered, random, or dispersed). The additional attributes we include are orientation, size, and shape. We refer to the method as TOSS, reflecting the T ype, O rientation, S ize, and S hape of areas. The goal of considering these additional attributes is to capture the geometric aspects of pattern that other approaches to pattern analysis do not. Sets or groups of similar areas are created using cluster analysis, based on a variable standardization score using the Gower coefficient of similarity. The spatial distributions for each set of geographic objects are then calculated using nearest neighbor analysis. To test the effectiveness of the TOSS method, results from pattern analysis and the TOSS method are qualitatively and quantitatively compared. The TOSS method offers a novel approach to pattern analysis.