Cultural beginnings: Plio-Pleistocene archaeological occurrences from the Afar,Ethiopia

In the time interval between approximately 2.5 million years and 1.5 million years ago and against a background of changing environmental conditions and the emergence of highly diversified populations of early hominids, the earliest archaeological occurrences have been documented from a number of localities in the Rift Valley of East Africa. These have been attributed to the Oldowan Industrial Complex. More recently, broadly comparable archaeological occurrences have been discovered from Hadar and the Middle Awash located in adjacent areas of the Afar, in Ethiopia. This paper summarizes the age, context and characteristics of these occurrences and offers preliminary comments on their contribution to greater understanding of early hominid adaptive patterns of behavior.     

The Development of A Prehistoric Complex Society: A Regional Perspective from the Valley of Mexico

Abstract

A regional perspective is desirable in the archaeological study of prehistoric complex societies. Over the past decade systematic surface survey has provided such a perspective for the period between 1100 B.C. and 1520 A.C. in the Valley of Mexico. This paper attempts to illustrate something of the utility of regional settlement pattern analysis as one phase of a long-term research program aimed at explaining cultural evolution in precolumbian Central Mexico.     

Obsidians from the Melka-Konture prehistoric site,Ethiopia

Obsidian artifacts from the Melka-Konture site about 50 km south of Addis Ababa span the period from Oldowan to Late Stone age. A number of specimens from different levels have been examined petrographically and for their chemical compositions. All prove to be alkali rhyolite obsidians of virtually identical composition and petrographic character, differing only in degree of devitrification and hydration. They belong to Group 1g of Renfrew et al. (1966) and it is almost certain that their source is the nearby obsidian quarry at Baltchit. This seems to have been opened in a short flow which appears to be unrelated to the large extinct Recent volcano, Wachacha, which lies to the north-west.     

转型视角下我国自助旅游发展研究

自助旅游是全球旅游发展转型背景下的新型主导型旅游方式,具有深远的可持续发展意义。本文站在从传统大众旅游到新旅游转型的视角下,审视了在当前市场环境与技术支撑下自助旅游蓬勃发展的背景、历程及独特价值,继而从自助旅游在国内的发展现状入手,深入分析自助旅游在中国的发展特点、存在的问题,并据此提出了加强管理、促进发展等针对性的措施与建议。     

产业融合：旅游业发展趋势的新视角

本文从产业融合的理论视角对当前旅游业多业态现象进行了分析,指出旅游业正在与其他服务业、制造业和农业进行产业融合,产业价值链不断被解构和重组,并表现出生产性现代服务业特征。本文不仅对这种产业融合动因进行了具有旅游特质性的剖析,对融合情况进行分类,还指出其本质是一种创新。融合产生的效应反映在多方面：行业竞争格局发生演变,出现系统集成商和具有双边特征的平台企业,非物质资源取代自然资源推动旅游业发展,旅游业出现模块化迹象,跨行业人才成为稀缺资源等。     

1949年以后台湾地区考古学的发展历程——以台湾大学《考古人类学刊》为视角

台湾大学《考古人类学刊》是我国台湾地区刊登考古学文章最为集中的期刊,通过对其1953-2006年发表的学术论文和作者的统计分析,可以审视自创刊以来台湾考古学的发展及其成就.该刊刊载论文以民族学、考古学和人类学三大学科为支柱,其中民族学类论文为最大宗,考古学类次之,人类学文章紧随其后.台湾考古经历了三个阶段:20世纪50年代对日据时期日本学者工作的梳理和总结,再到60年代以中原(殷商)考古为主导,逐步过渡到70年代以后台湾地区考古的本土化和重新定位.     

Voting Technology,Political Institutions,Legal Institutions and Civil Society: A Study of the Hypothesis of Cultural Lag in Reverse

The 2000 Presidential election was plagued by butterfly ballots and ‘pregnant chads’. Electronic voting systems, lacking verifiable paper trails that are subject to possible fraud, promise to wreak havoc with the 2004 Presidential election. There is a great diversity of systems of voting technology in the 50 states: from paper ballots, lever‐operated machines and punch cards to optical scanners and electronic systems. Associated with each technology is an estimated error rate. The underlying theory of this paper was set forth by William F. Ogburn in his famous book entitled Social Change, published in 1922. Dividing culture into material and non‐material elements, Ogburn argued that non‐material elements lag behind material elements. His explanation for this lag is that technology, which underlies material culture, changes at a faster rate than elements of non‐material culture. Obgurn did not contemplate the possibility of a reverse lag, viz., technology lagging behind non‐material culture. In analyzing the anomalous relationships between voting technology, political institutions and legal institutions, a striking instance of a ‘reverse cultural lag’ is discerned. To eliminate the phenomenon of the reverse cultural lag, there is a need for a federally‐funded program of a uniform, state‐of‐the‐art voting technology, plus an amended Help America Vote Act, to implement the innovations in the 3,114 counties. The complex problems reviewed in this paper point to a vexing question: how do we educate an electorate in a democratic society—such as the United States in the twenty‐first century—to be responsible for ensuring that periodically‐elected representatives implement the will of the people?     

历史上梅州山区的开发：地名学的视野

地名是人们在社会生活中给地理实体、行政区域或地点起的名称,地名往往带有强烈的延续性和稳定性,因而能够比较完整地保留命名时所反映的文化内涵。本文将粤东北山区梅州乡村地名为解读对象,探讨地名与生态环境,山区开发,地名与族群关系,地名与历史人物、历史事件,地名与军事设施及经济活动等的关系,以期再现客家聚落名称所蕴涵的丰富人文因素。     

The Application of the European Spatial Development Perspective: Evidence from the North-West Metropolitan Area

As a strategic document, the European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP) wants to be 'applied' rather than 'implemented'. Rather than giving shape to spatial development, application is the shaping of the minds of the actors in spatial development. The latter are not passive recipients of messages. They actively explore options, reinterpreting messages on the way. Conformance of outcomes to intentions cannot be assumed. Application is not a separate phase either. Application includes making new working arrangements and elaborating planning documents to make them fit emergent situations. Judging from the ESDP and from how its ideas are being pursued, its makers are well aware of this. Research into the application of the ESDP in the north-west metropolitan area (NWMA) Interreg IIc programme confirms this. So the ESDP may be anything but a paper tiger.     

Lithic Artefacts as a Source of Cultural,Social and Economic Information: the evidence from Aksum,Ethiopia

Extended research covering an area of approximately 300 sq km centered on the ancient metropolis of Aksum has revealed a coherent sequence of development in stone tool production and use spanning most of the last millennium BC and the first millennium AD. It has provided new evidence of the presence of multiple independent lithic traditions in the Pre-Aksumite period, and of Aksumite social and economic organization. This paper summarizes the results of the detailed study of a large corpus of excavated and surface-collected lithics, emphasizing their functional characteristics.

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Résumé  De vastes recherches couvrant sur une superficie d’environ 300 kilomètres carrés et concentrées sur l’ancienne métropole d’Aksoum ont mis à jour une série cohérente de développements dans la production et l’utilisation d’outils de pierre au cours du dernier millénaire avant J.C. et du premier millénaire après J.C. Ces recherches ont fourni de nouvelles informations sur la présence de multiples traditions lithiques indépendantes durant la période pré-aksoumite, et sur l’organisation sociale et économique des Aksoumites. Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude détailée portant sur un large répertoire de vestiges lithiques recueillis au cours de fouilles et collectes de surface, et met en exergue leurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles.

     

Poverty Reduction and Good Governance: Examining the Rationale of the Millennium Development Goals

Whilst the deadline for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) looms large, the outcomes so far have been mixed. This article examines the policy logic that ‘good governance’ leads to poverty reduction, which has been adopted by international agencies in pursuit of the MDGs. This causal relationship is examined through an empirical panel‐data estimation using Worldwide Governance Indicators and the poverty headcount ratio in ninety‐eight countries. The empirical evidence does not support the hypothesis that good governance leads to poverty reduction. Good governance alleviates poverty only in middle‐income countries, not in least developed ones. These findings point to the necessity to devise policies that address poverty directly, rather than through indirect instruments, and highlight the urgent need to address structural inequality in developing countries.     

体育旅游资源开发及营销

体育旅游是近年来国内外旅游研究中的新兴课题。本文简述了体育旅游研究的产生背景,从营销角度探讨了大型体育赛事的旅游功效评价;在尝试对体育旅游进行类型划分的同时,分析了这些类型划分对有关体育旅游发展战略的影响。     

中国式旅游发展道路的跨文化比较研究

本文以西方市场经济发达国家和其他发展中国家分别作为参照系,从旅游事业产生背景和标志性发展阶段分期、旅游事业核心内涵、旅游事业发展重心以及旅游业务发展模式等方面进行了跨文化比较分析,并讨论了中国式旅游发展道路的生命力基础和前景开拓机制。本文认为,博大精深的中华文明是中国式旅游发展道路的生命力基础,与时俱进是拓宽中国式旅游发展道路的强大动力,严格遵循旅游发展客观规律是必须始终坚持的根本方向。