水下文化遗产原址保护研究概述

长年埋藏于水下的文化遗产,在适应周围的化学、物理及生态环境后可达到一种平衡的保存状态。通过概述水下埋藏环境对文物产生的影响,并对国外文物保护工作者在沉船、水下文物点、古代聚落遗址等类型水下文化遗产原址保护的成果进行研究,为中国水下文化遗产保护相关工作的开展提供一定的借鉴。     

US protection of underwater cultural heritage beyond the territorial sea: problems and prospects

Current US treatment of underwater cultural heritage beyond the territorial sea is analysed in light of Law of the Sea principles and the UNESCO Draft Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.     

Current status of the draft UNESCO/DAOLOS Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

Abstract

There is at present no international legal instrument of comprehensive scope and general application that adequately regulates the management of the underwater cultural heritage. That is why a Convention for the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage is being prepared jointly by UNESCO and the UN Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DAOLOS).This note focuses on the major issues dealt with by the future. Convention and the current status of that instrument.     

The policy of non-discrimination and the protection of minority cultural heritage in Albania

ABSTRACT

This paper looks at the effectiveness of the policy of non-discrimination towards minorities in the preservation of minority cultural heritage, constructing a case study within Albania. After defining the key terms used, this paper examines the legal framework of non-discrimination towards minorities in its historical development and looks into the state of preservation of minority cultural heritage on the ground throughout the 2010s combining extensive field-work with interviews with key representatives of ethnic minorities in Albania. The poor state of preservation of minority cultural heritage is mostly attributed to under-financing and the insufficient policy of non-discrimination. As I demonstrate, in the case of minorities with a kin-state in the region, most notably Greece, as well as the heritage claimed by neighbouring states, primarily Turkey, the policy of non-discrimination and the practice of under-financing paves the way for external involvement in the protection of cultural heritage, in pursuit of international political agendas. The paper concludes that more needs to be done for the protection of minority cultural heritage in Albania.     

彩绘类文物灭菌方法的回顾与展望

彩绘类文物的灭菌防护工作是延续其艺术价值的重要方法。本文简单描述了文物相关材料、温度、湿度、大气污染物、微生物五种因素对彩绘类文物的损伤效应,重点描述了微生物消杀在彩绘类文物保存工作中的重要性。梳理了化学、物理、复合三类灭菌方法在彩绘类文物灭菌方面的应用与发展,并对各类方法的优缺点进行了汇总,其中化学法最为成熟,但绝大部分对环境影响很恶劣,物理法和复合法更符合绿色发展要求,但又受经济性、专业性以及不成熟的市场规模制约。未来,绿色、无损将成为彩绘文物灭菌的前提,复合法将成为彩绘文物灭菌未来研究的发展趋势。     

世界文化遗产云冈石窟的防水保护

自然风化是世界文化遗产云冈石窟保存的最大的问题,而其风化与水和盐的活动密切相关.为了解决水对石窟的影响问题,通过多种手段进行了勘查和试验,基本查清了影响云冈石窟保存的水的来源,明确了云冈石窟防水保护工程的重点工作,即顶部防渗、建设保护性窟檐、洞窟凝结水研究与治理.顶部防渗治理应坚持以排为主,防排结合的原则,防渗材料选用膨润土防水毯为宜.建设保护性窟檐对于石窟内部文物所处的环境保持相对稳定具有一定作用.采用新研制的岩石表面凝结水量测量装置,对云冈石窟砂岩表而凝结水量进行的实地测量表明,石窟表而凝结水量相当可观.采用除湿机可以降低窟内相对湿度,可以防止凝结水在岩壁上形成,消除凝结水对石雕的危害.     

The HMS Swift shipwreck: The development of underwater heritage protection in Argentina

Abstract

The aim of this article is to evaluate, with a critical perspective, the legal framework for heritage protection in Argentina, viewing it within an international context and focusing on the HMS Swift shipwreck – sunk in Puerto Deseado (Santa Cruz province) in 1770 – as a case study. Moreover, some initial proposals for a management plan are presented as a first step in thinking about the challenges of preserving underwater sites in Argentinian Patagonia.

Through this analysis some interesting points are outlined, including the reasons that make the Swift shipwreck a leading case in Argentina. It is the first interdisciplinary underwater archaeology project in the country comprising archaeologists who are also divers; it is supported by national authorities; and it is the first project of its kind to give underwater archaeologists experience in dealing with archaeological research and preservation in an environment of multiple conflicting interests.

The international relevance of the Swift case relies on the nature of underwater cultural heritage as an international resource. The project's history is located in an international setting, derived from ihternational trade and communication, in which many ships and their contents have been lost far from their origin or destination. At a national level the Swift is a wreck with significant historical and cultural value. It is in a unique state of preservation and its location near to the shore makes it highly accessible. Locally,HMS Swift will be relevant when Puerto Deseado's community starts to recognise it as a significant part of their own heritage and local people become involved in the preservation of the wreck.     

物联网与GIS技术在文化遗产保护中的应用思考

物联网的发展给文化遗产保护带来了新的机遇。分析了从"数字地球"到"智慧地球"的发展历程,指出物联网是实现"智慧地球"的关键。之后分析了"数字地球"的核心技术G IS技术在物联网中的作用,并结合实例阐述了基于物联网的G IS应用方法。最后对物联网在文化遗产保护中的应用前景进行了展望,给出了物联网在文博行业中应用的策略建议。     

物联网在文化遗产保护领域应用的关键——测控技术

各种类型的传感器是探测和获取外界信息的重要手段,是物联网的重要感知器件,因此测控技术成为物联网的核心基础技术。本研究首先介绍了测控技术与物联网的基本概念和关系;然后通过分析测控技术对文化遗产保护的重要性和文化遗产保护与发展面临着的巨大挑战,提出基于物联网的文化遗产保护的多项关键测控技术;最后结合测控技术在文化遗产保护的典型应用,给出了关于文化遗产保护领域物联网建设的若干建议。     

Ireland and the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage

Ratification by Ireland of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage will not be able to take place until after enactment of additional domestic legislation. The reasons for this are examined in the context of Ireland’s legal system. Since 1987 Ireland has had extensive legal protection for underwater cultural heritage, but the jurisdictional aspects of the Convention are key to understanding why additional legislation is necessary. Issues relating to salvage law are also considered. The 2001 Convention is placed in the context of development of Irish policy on underwater cultural heritage.     

模拟壁画墓葬中的微环境分析研究

墓葬壁画经考古发掘后,墓室内原有的稳定环境被打破,在微环境不断变化的作用下产生各种不同的病害。为探究微环境变化规律,在陕西师范大学模拟壁画墓室内对空气温湿度、土壤温度、土壤含水率及土壤电导率等进行长期监测。结果表明,外部环境的改变对墓室内部微环境的变化具有一定的影响,距墓底高度越高,其土壤温度、含水率变化幅度越大,越易产生酥粉等病害。利用离子色谱仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)等仪器对土壤易溶盐进行定性与定量分析,结果表明土壤中各种阴、阳离子含量与土壤埋深深度呈正相关关系;土壤表面析出盐分主要以硫酸钠和硫酸钙为主,在微环境的不断变化下,易产生酥碱等病害。对壁画墓葬微环境进行系统研究,为有效调控墓室微环境提出合理的对策,以期为原址保护提供更多的科学依据。     

Politics of tangibility,intangibility, and place in the making of a European cultural heritage in EU heritage policy

The EU has recently launched several initiatives that aim to foster the idea of a common European cultural heritage. The notion of a European cultural heritage in EU policy discourse is extremely abstract, referring to various ideas and values detached from physical locations or places. Nevertheless the EU initiatives put the abstract policy discourse into practice and concretize its notions about a European cultural heritage. A common strategy in this practice is ‘placing heritage’ – affixing the idea of a European cultural heritage to certain places in order to turn them into specific European heritage sites. The materialisation of a European cultural heritage and the production of physical European heritage sites are crucial elements in the policy through which the EU seeks to govern both the actors and the meanings of heritage. On the basis of a qualitative content analysis of diverse policy documents and informational and promotional material, this article presents five strategies of ‘placing heritage’ used in the EU initiatives. In addition, the article presents a theoretical model of circulation of the tangible and intangible dimensions of heritage in the EU heritage policy discourse and discusses the EU’s political intents included in the practices of ‘placing heritage’.     

西欧中世纪的权利之争与近代人权观的形成

西方的人权理论并非从资产阶级革命中突然产生的,而是有一个长期的形成过程。资产阶级革命前,某种程度上西欧资产阶级已享有某些基本人权,特别是比较充分的经营自主权。所以西方的人权理论是在一种独特的历史传统中形成的,对其他民族来说其内容有独特性和狭隘性的一面。