MILITARY ASSISTANCE,FOREIGN POLICY,AND NATIONAL SECURITY

From the inauguration of the Mutual Defense Assistance Program (MDAP) in 1950, until its termination in the early 1960s, Norway was among the main European beneficiaries of military assistance from the United States. Previous research on this subject has mainly seen the MDAP from the perspective of the recipient, analysing what effect the influx of large amounts of equipment had for the shape and development of the Norwegian Armed Forces. This article discusses the motives for US military assistance to Norway, and analyses this activity as an expression of US Cold War objectives concerning Norway and NATO’s northern flank. The article also explores how these objectives influenced policy making relevant to military assistance, and gives particular attention to the role of US representatives in Oslo. These actors played an important role in highlighting the political and strategic benefits of extensive aid to Norway.     

论清代中期清政府对外国货币的政策

16世纪末-17世纪初,随着东西方新航路开辟,外国商人较频繁地来到中国贸易。明清之际,外国商人来华购买中国商品,偶用外国货币支付。清康熙时,“时华洋互市,以货易（洋）银”,乾隆时“洋钱盛行”,到道光时期,外国货币“行用日广,公私出人,非此不济”①,似有垄断市