南非民主进程的顿挫与延续——略论博塔的改革总战略

博塔任南非政府首脑期间,面对索韦托暴动引起的政治、经济与社会动荡和国内外的新形势,提出和推行改革总战略：对不适应南非现代化建设和政治稳定的现存制度进行改革;坚决镇压反抗白人统治、破坏社会秩序的行为;全力营造一个有利于改革总战略的国际环境。其目的是维护白人统治和种族隔离制度。他的改革在沃斯特的种族政策调整与德克勒克的民主改革之间架起了一座桥梁,起到了承前启后的作用,将南非的改革进程带入一个新阶段,一定程度上改善了黑人的处境。但博塔的镇压造成国内局势紧张并迅速恶化,以至于到了几乎失控的程度,改革进程陷入停顿。     

论点摘编

当代西藏人民政治参与的发展政治参与就藏族人民而言,是一个新的政治问题,在封建农奴制度下,西藏实行的是政教合一的专制神权统治,根本无政治参与可言。王金洪发表在《中国藏学》１９９９年第二期上的文章,论述了自１９５９年西藏民主改革以来,特别是西藏民族区域自治制度的建立以后,管理本区域范围里的政治、经济、文化和社会事务,真正成为藏族人民自己的事情,随着现代因素的迅速成长,西藏的政治参与也迅速发展,对西藏的民主政治和现代化进程起了积极的推动作用。西藏人民政治参与发展分三个阶段。民主改革时期,中央政府为了实…     

南非，谁的母亲

去年,南非作家库切揭示南非新旧交替时代种族问题的小说《耻》获得了诺贝尔文学奖,再次引起人们对南非种族问题的关注和思考。2004年,南非人迎来了推翻种族隔离统治10周年。10年过去了,种族隔离政策在文化上给各民族造成的隔阂与伤害,是否能在政治手段解决以后,随之得到弥合?废除种族隔离带来的文化意义是什么?新南非将走向何方?     

俯瞰太湖：太湖北部文明化进程的宏观研究

太湖流域是一个相对独立的地理单元。马家浜时期文明曙光初现于太湖北部，奠定了太湖流域文明化进程的基础；崧泽时期的太湖北部率先进入王权统治的古国时代，形成了太湖流域的民族共同体，东山村遗址群成为原生型“崧泽古国”的政治中心；良渚时期的太湖流域进入神权统治的古国时代，太湖南部的“良渚遗址群”与太湖北部的“寺墩遗址群”成为“良渚古国”并立的政治中心。王权统治的“崧泽古国”转型为神权统治的“良渚古国”，成为中华文明化进程中独树一帜的“太湖模式”。     

干“杯”，球场!

因为“世界杯”,球场得到了新生。 上世纪80年代,市政府在约翰内斯堡西南部索韦托区投资兴建了南非第一座现代化足球场——足球城体育场（Soccer City）。这座球场容量大,设施豪华,常年承办国家队大型比赛和其他重要集会（199t）年曼德拉被释放时,数万南非国民涌入足球城聚会）,无疑是南非世界杯多座球场中的“旗舰店”,它与南非足协及国际足联世界杯组委会相邻,开幕式和决赛都在这里举行。     

开普敦市的穆斯林居住区

1994年5月,以曼德拉总统为首的第一届南非民族团结政府宣告成立。南非白人种族主义统治终于成为历史,这是南非被压迫民族和种族三个世纪以来一直为之奋斗的结果和目标。     

德意志犹太人的社会集团与纳粹统治

伴随着19世纪以来的德意志现代化进程,德意志犹太人早已分化成不同的社会集团,并不同程度地融入德国社会。如果没有德意志民族主义的恶性变种——德意志现代种族主义——的强大压力,没有极端仇犹的纳粹党在德国的统治,这种多元化社会的发展是会继续下去的,德意志犹太人也就不会被迫成立“德意志犹太人全国代表机构”这样一种联合体。因此,这个联合体在1933年的出现,反映了德意志社会现代化进程的一场彻底的大倒退。     

中国共产党有关西藏政教制度的认知与政策研究

在西藏推行政教分离成为中国共产党一以贯之的政策。"十七条协议"的签署暂时保留了西藏的政教合一制度,而随着西藏社会内部要求改革的呼声逐渐升起,以及周围藏区民主改革的推进,西藏统治阶层为维护政教合一制度永久不变而发动了拉萨叛乱。中央政府在平叛的同时在西藏展开民主改革,政教合一制度成为历史。     

种族隔离制度与1985年英国对南非政策的调整

1985年,南非局势的持续恶化与国际社会制裁压力的不断增加,迫使英国撒切尔政府考虑调整其对南非的“接触和对话”政策。对此,英外交部建议采取措施提高英国政策的可信度并避免陷入孤立,其核心策略是通过与欧共体就南非问题达成共同声明来捍卫英国的基本利益,并借此抵制英联邦更为严厉的制裁措施。然而,撒切尔却反对任何形式的经济制裁,双方各执己见,从而导致英国的政策调整异常艰难。经过一系列博弈后,撒切尔在平衡经济与政治利益诉求,保持英国南非政策自主性和灵活性的前提下,有选择地接受了欧共体《卢森堡协议》,此后又在拿骚英联邦会议上做出策略性妥协。撒切尔政府对南非政策进行的调整是英国实用主义外交传统的体现,其根本目的是为了以最小成本实现英国整体利益的最大化,但这种偏袒南非政府的做法在事实上延长了南非种族隔离制度的寿命。     

战后日本的政治体制改革

战后,由美国占领军总部在日本强制推行的一系列民主化改革,于1952年基本结束。随着“五五年体制”的确立,日本的国民经济开始走向全面腾飞、高速增长的阶段。这就是说,战后日本的现代化是政治体制改革先行,带动和促进了经济发展的“正时序效应”。这种“正时序效应”不仅表现出时间上的向度,而且也极为深刻地体现了空间上的广度。正如一些日本经济学家指出的那样:“离开战后的民主改革,就谈不上日本的‘战后体制’,也谈不     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.