穿越风之谷

<正>我们抵达"世界的中心"乌卢鲁-卡塔楚塔国家公园,住在附近唯一的落脚点,这里的营地可以眺望到乌卢鲁与卡塔楚塔两处自然奇观。这些世界上最著名的红土石头山吸引着人们驱车几千公里从现代文明世界赶来,体验极致的蛮荒、野性、神秘和壮美。国家公园的入口就在距度假区几分钟车程的地方,过了这道关口就迈进了世居澳洲的当地人心中最神圣的一片土地,同时这也是上百公里之远的大片荒野。或许这恰巧能说明为什     

Shifting Winds: Explaining Variation in State Policies to Promote Small‐Scale Wind Energy

States have increasingly taken leading roles in U.S. environmental policymaking over the past two decades. As laboratories of democracy, states have developed different levels and mixes of policies to address climate change, nonpoint source pollution, alternative energy, and other challenging environmental issues. Policy scholars have sought to explain variation in state environmental policy through two primary theoretical lenses: internal determinants and regional diffusion. While our understanding of state environmental policy adoption has grown to identify which variables are most important, less is known about how these variables interact in particular states to influence policy adoption. This study examines the interactions of variables from both theories to explain how state policies for small‐scale wind energy promotion were adopted in three U.S. states. Our results highlight the nuanced role of citizen ideology, which may be important in contexts at either end of the ideological spectrum but less important in the middle—where economic development is more critical. Results also indicate that interstate competition may be over environmental as well as economic leadership. Interestingly, strength of the wind resource is not necessarily correlated with policy adoption for small‐scale wind energy promotion.     

Of Winds,Worms and Mana: the Traditional Calendar of the Torres Islands,Vanuatu

This paper explores how the expression of ‘capacity’ (mena, more commonly known as mana in other Oceanic settings) and the evocation of abundance are played out in relation to seasonal change and human‐environmental relations, as observed in the Torres Islands, Vanuatu. It considers the importance for communities of North and Central Vanuatu of the appearance of a ubiquitous sea worm known as the Palolo, in combination with the regular motions of the sun and the moon, the prevaling winds and various other ecological patterns. While human‐environmental relations are often mediated by the idea of mena, this also constitutes a basic social value that informs local senses of place and belonging. The study of temporality and environmental knowledge can help to de‐centre territorial notions of ‘place’ by situating this concept within the broader context in which people experience it. Finally, because these data bear on macro comparisons that span the Western Pacific, this article is aimed in part at putting the interpretation of time and calendrics within the Indo‐Pacific frame of reference that they should begin to take.     

Negotiating Remote Borderland Access: Small‐Scale Trade on the Vietnam–China Border

This article explores the cross‐border trading networks and practices of highland residents in north‐west Vietnam. It reveals how such individuals, of highland minority and majority Kinh ethnicities, negotiate the political reality of an international border in highly pragmatic ways as they augment their livelihoods by trading commodities with inhabitants in south‐west China. We follow four particular commodities, traded across different political tiers of border crossing (each with specific rules, regulations and negotiations), by a diverse range of traders. In doing so we argue that border access is mediated by a complex and multifaceted set of social and structural components including not only state policy, but ethnically‐embedded social relations and specific geographic variables that, in turn, are engendering disparate economic opportunities.     

从《鄘风》、《邶风》、《卫风》探卫国之民风

《鄘风》、《邶风》、《卫风》三风中所反映的社会问题可以说是极其相似的,不仅仅是因为它们的地理位置关系,更是因为他们的相似的经济与政治问题,所以从此三风中,我们可以看出卫国的社会风貌与国人的生活之事。     

Strong Words and Forceful Winds: Religious Experience and Political Process in Melanesia

Melanesian religious movements tend to conform to two contrasting types of regime: the one relatively centralized, hierarchical, stable, long-lived, and nationalistic; the other fragmented, egalitarian, unstable, sporadic, and parochial. Existing theories of ‘cargo cults’, including the progressivist hypothesis which views millenarism as the natural precursor of nationalism, have failed to appreciate this fundamental divergence. It is shown that politico-religious regimes are rooted in alternative cognitive processes, a point which is illustrated with reference to the Pomio Kivung movement of New Britain and the Taro cult of Northern Papua. One implication of this argument is that typologies of cults, based on ideological variation, are of limited sociological import, and rather that the structure and scale of cults are artefacts of distinctive styles of cognition, codification, and transmission.     

Yanjin on the Tea-Horse Trade

Fetching salt water from wells, digging a saltwater pond, putting up salt shelters, and sun-drying the water to produce saltThis is the traditional way of making salt still adopted by many people in Yanjin.Yanjin in Mangkang County is so named to match the fact that the area is filled with yan (salt) jin (wells).During the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911), a county was set up here to supervise salt production. According to Records of Yanjin County, there were some 50 salt wells in Yanjin at that time. They     

Winds,wind-shears and plasma densities during the initial phase of a magnetic storm from equatorial latitudes

Results of a sodium vapour release experiment carried out from SHAR (India), an equatorial rocket launching station, immediately after (⩽ 2 h) a storm sudden commencement (SSC) during the initial phase of a magnetic storm, followed by electron density measurements are presented. Many of the relevant atmospheric parameters, namely, neutral winds and their altitude variation, the magnitude of the shears in them, the neutral temperature with altitude by spectroscopic methods, diffusion measurements on the released trail, clues on the turbopause level and the electron densities including the structures (irregularities) in them were obtained. The results of the temperature measurements carried out independently on the sodium trail by means of a ground-based Fabry-Perot spectrometer, operating on the sodium D 1 line, resonantly scattered by the trail have already been reported by us (Ranjan Guptaet al., 1986). In this paper the effects of the excess temperature reported earlier and the rest of the measured parameters on the electron density profiles are evaluated using models and compared with the measurements.The formation of sharp layers of ionization have been explained on the basis of the electro-dynamical processes associated with the wind shears at a location, close to the edge of the equatorial electrojet belt. The significance of the changes in the neutral composition due to the enhanced neutral temperature and the low turbopause level, in increasing the base-level plasma densities by a factor of 3–5 are demonstrated and the possible role of plasma dynamics discussed.     

工业化冲击下的德意志帝国对外贸易及其政策

德意志帝国时期,工业逐步确立起在德国经济中的主导地位。由于工业化的冲击,德意志帝国时期的对外贸易量和外贸结构都发生了巨大变化,德国逐渐成为外向型经济国家。与此同时,德国的对外贸易政策也出现了因时而进的调整。     

Bringing Workers’ Rights Back In? Propositions towards a Labour–Trade Linkage for the Global South

The idea of forging a linkage between global trade and labour standards has a long history and has been the subject of fierce debate. In a global political economy that incites ‘competition for jobs’, the idea cannot escape controversy. Crucially, it has failed to win significant support from trade unionists in the global South. Drawing on viewpoints voiced by workers’ rights activists in South Africa and Brazil, this article presents four propositions on the features and functions that a labour–trade linkage would have to possess if it is to serve workers’ interests, and explores whether and how these may be accommodated by the ILO and WTO regimes. It is argued that a linkage requiring a new single WTO undertaking is out of the question; a linkage would only make sense if it superimposes ILO rule onto the WTO, not the opposite; a linkage should be premised on positive trade measures; and, finally, it should serve the interests of presently unprotected and unorganized workers. Overall, the main challenge of such a linkage would be to achieve the necessary reform within the ILO.