Soviet Cultural Legacy in Tajikistan

This paper is a report on the Soviet cultural legacy in Tajikistan. It takes an in-depth look at the institutions that were created to manage artistic and cultural activities, budgeting, training and promotion under the Soviets. The paper suggests that, except for art and culture related to religion, other genres were enhanced, albeit with an emphasis on ideology. However, independence in 1992, along with the civil war that erupted immediately afterwards, had a devastating effect on art and culture in Tajikistan and on the lives of the artistic community. The paper is part of a comprehensive study of post-Soviet art and culture in Central Asia in the critical years immediately after the Soviet collapse. For this study, over one hundred interviews were conducted with officials, musicians, dancers, writers and singers, as well as visits to centers of art and culture in those republics.     

朱鹮 山林中的“东方宝石”

<正>朱鹮洁白的羽毛,红红的羽翼,艳红的头冠,黑色利剑般的长嘴,使它被誉为鸟中的"东方宝石"。但在很长一段时间内,它却销声匿迹了,而等它重新回到人们的视野时,我们不得不感叹其生存力量的伟大。失而复得的"东方宝石"2012年我开始接触鸟类摄影不久,第一次认识了朱鹮。那年3月末我和朋友一起到陕西汉中的洋县拍摄野生鸟类。在拍摄地潜伏时,一只展开红色翅膀的大鸟噙着树枝从我头顶上飞过,它优雅地拍打着羽翼,双腿笔直地伸向后方,长长的喙看上去就像一把利剑。我一下     

The Upper Paleolithic Assemblages of Shugnou,Tajikistan

Lithic industries from the key strati?ed Upper Paleolithic site at Shugnou, Tajikistan, are described. Results of the technological, typological, and attributive analyses suggest that the industries of all horizons represent a single cultural tradition. Its evolution was marked by a gradual transformation of the microblade technology with the use of carinate techniques. This tradition is paralleled by lithic assemblages from Kulbulak layers 2.1 and 2.2, Kyzyl-Alma-2, and Dodekatym-2, Uzbekistan     

东方考古学协会述论

北京大学国学门考古学研究室 ,是中国乃至东亚最早的专门考古学独立机构。 192 6年 ,国学门考古学会与日本东西两京帝大合组的东亚考古学会结成东方考古学协会 ,计划以联合发掘、交流成果、互派留学等方式 ,共同推进东方考古事业。可惜双方对于如何利用这一机缘并发挥各自的作用 ,利益和想法不一致。结果北大在考古发掘方面更形困顿 ,无法在重建古史的活动中占据重要位置 ,不得不将在这一领域的应有地位拱手让人。     

Seismic Vulnerability of Historical Masonry Aggregate Buildings in Oriental Sicily

ABSTRACT

The seismic vulnerability assessment of historical UnReinforced Masonry (URM) buildings is a very complex task since it is strongly related to a great variety both of geometrical layouts and of masonry mechanical characteristics. In this article, some results of a Catania University research project, denomined “FIR 2014”, focused on the seismic vulnerability estimation of historical buildings, built in Catania after the 1963 earthquake, are presented. First, a detailed typological analysis of the considered urban fabric, characterized by typical residential masonry buildings, has been performed. Such analysis allowed recognizing an elementary structural modulus, which has been studied according to different geometrical layouts representative of isolated or aggregate buildings. The results of nonlinear static analyses, performed by applying an innovative macro-element approach, allowed for the assessment the seismic vulnerability of typical URM buildings coherently to the Italian seismic code. The adopted macro-element strategy for the seismic assessment of aggregate masonry buildings, although related to a specific historical center, may be applied to similar urban fabrics and can also be used for the calibration and validation of fast seismic assessment strategies, particularly useful for the evaluation of the seismic risk at urban scale.     

Preservation of Earthen Sites in Remote Areas: the Buddhist Monastery of Ajina Tepa,Tajikistan

Abstract

The Buddhist monastery of Ajina Tepa is one of the most significant in Central Asia as it was fully excavated using up-to-date archaeological methods and was extensively documented. The site is a sophisticated blend of earthen architectural forms, sculptural detail and wall painting decoration, all of which are unique in the area. The site is located in south Tajikistan along the Vahsh valley, about 13 km east from the modern city of Kurgan Tybe.

The aim of the paper is to give an overview of the UNESCO/Japan Trust Fund project 'Preservation of the Buddhist Monastery of Ajina Tepa, Tajikistan (Heritage of the Ancient Silk Roads)'. The paper describes the historical background, the main conservation threats, the analytical work in the selection of repair material, the preparatory work before conservation, the documentation activities, and the conservation work carried out at the site.     

世界文化遗产保护的东方立场

东方主义思维正借全球化浪潮在世界文化遗产保护领域蔓延。东方文化遗产保护除匆忙应对来自西方的质疑外,当务之急应根据东方文化遗产的特征和保护实际联合建立世界文化遗产保护的东方立场。东方文化遗产除应保护以《威尼斯宪章》为基础的国际惯例中强调的有形文化遗产物质基础外,还应更加突出保护文化遗产蕴含的人类集体记忆、文化基因、文化认同、文化凝聚力等精神内涵。建立世界文化遗产保护的东方立场,有利于通过保护东方文化遗产,继而保护面临西方强势文化同化危险的东方文化。     

在城市的腹部地带--城市区的分析与城市区志的定位

20世纪八九十年代开始编纂的城市区志,是地方志的一个新种类.虽然城市区作为一级行政建制,但它与其他行政区划建制如省、市、县在地域社会表现形态上有着明显的不同.区是城市实体的有机组成部分,城区依托于城市的整体功能而存在,城市区只有在其作为城市特定功能分区和城市管理链上的环节而存在时才显露其意义.城市区的地域景观和历史是由驻区和区政两块组成的.城市区志的编纂不应当照搬省志、市志、县志的模式,而应当从区级行政区的特殊性出发,把握区级志书的角度.     

Hierarchies of trade in Yiwu and Dushanbe: The case of an Uzbek merchant family from Tajikistan

ABSTRACT

This article focuses on the trading trajectory of an Uzbek family of merchants from Tajikistan. This family runs businesses in both Tajikistan’s capital, Dushanbe, and China’s famous international trading city: Yiwu. The analysis is centred on the accounts placed by Tajikistan’s Uzbek merchants about their historically sustained experience, often across several generations, in trading activities. These merchants’ claims of belonging to a ‘historical’ trading community rather than being ‘newcomers’ to long-distance commerce are articulated in relation to notions of ‘hierarchies of trade’ as they evolve in a twofold relational model linking Yiwu’s Changchun neighbourhood and Dushanbe. I suggest that the forms of conviviality enacted in Yiwu’s Changchun neighbourhood need to be understood in terms of the historical, multinational and transregional contacts that have occurred within the spaces of the former Soviet Union, as well as along the China-Russia and China-Central Asian borders. Equally, the hierarchies of trade of Uzbek merchants from Tajikistan in Yiwu’s Changchun neighbourhood cut-across markers of identity that juxtapose the roles of Tajik and Uzbek communities in Tajikistan’s contemporary politics and economics.     

Agricultural Development and Household Incomes in Central Asia: A Survey of Tajikistan, 2003-2008

Two noted specialists on the agricultural economies of the former Soviet Union examine the effects of land reform on agricultural production and the income of rural house-holds in Tajikistan. The authors utilize official government statistics to discern trends of agricultural output at the national level, and the results of three extensive surveys conducted in 2007-2008 (N > 2,000) and one in 2003 (N = 4,000 respondents) by international organizations (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Asian Development Bank, the U.S. Agency for International Development, World Bank) to identify household-level changes. They also review the legislative framework for agrarian reform in the country; examine national-level trends in farm structure and organization, livestock production, farm productivity, and cropping patterns; and analyze shifts in size of land holdings and rural family incomes at the household level. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: D130, O130, P320, Q150. 11 figures, 10 tables, 42 references.     

东方外交史研究初探

东方外交史是东方文明史的重要组成部分。在以往推出的众多外交史著作当中,尚无一部完整意义上的东方外交史。不仅如此,外交史的体系与分析模式都程度不同地受到"欧洲中心论"的影响。编写完整的外交史,东方学者必须置身其中,发挥主体作用。本文①提出开展东方外交史研究,以宏观的视角审视历史,尤其对古代与近代东方大国外交给予足够的重视。当前的形势发展不断对学术提出新问题,在更深的层次上对过去的东方外交史作出概括与总结已成为当务之急。战后以来,东方国家在国际舞台上的地位整体提高,国内外学术机构对东方历史与现实研究的热度有增无减,因此我国的历史研究也应该开辟新的领域。     

论东方文化对近代科学的影响

近代科学不是西方文明独有的产物,而是不同文明特别是东西方文明间相互融合、共同创造的成果。在历史上,古代希腊科学没能直接发展成近代科学,而东方文化对西方科学中过度的理性主义传统却起到了纠偏、涵化和升华的作用,对其疏离价值、缺少人文关怀的“先天不足”作了适当的“培补”和“修复”。这些不仅体现在东方科学文化所给予的大量科学思想启迪中,而且表现在西方近代科学研究方法的嬗变中。没有东方文化的这种影响,近代科学（革命）是不可能发生的。