民初华侨联合会述论

针对学术界对华侨联合会研究文章不多的现状,分析了华侨联合会产生的历史背景和特点,阐述了其在民国初年团结华侨积极参加民国的政治、经济、外交、教育等活动。争取华侨权益,以及对民初历史产生的积极影响和历史功绩。回顾这段历史,对于团结海外华侨,发扬其爱国主义精神,引导他们积极参加祖国的现代化建设和统一事业,共同实现中华民族的伟大复兴有着积极的意义。     

陈焕章与民国初年的国教运动

陈焕章是民初思想界的重要人物,他与孔教会其他人士一道,致力于发掘传统儒学的“神学”及“现代性”内涵,并发起了规模巨大的国教运动。尽管这场运动与民初的帝制复辟运动纠缠在一起,但国教派并非都主张帝制,至少陈焕章等人与复辟派是有严格的政治界限的。国教运动思想家企图以“保教”为手段来“保国”,体现了鲜明的化民族主义,却与民初的民主主义产生了矛盾;另外,将本来属于“人化”的中国传统儒学人为地塑造成“神化”,也有违“传统”。这都注定了国教运动必然失败的命运。陈焕章学贯中西,本应在思想化方面有积极的建树,却与国教运动结下不解之缘,国教运动失败,他的历史地位与作用也因此而被淹没。     

古德诺与民初宪政问题研究

民国初期,在亚洲第一个共和国面I临何去何从局面的关键时刻,袁世凯的法律顾问古德诺却极力怂恿他扼杀共和,恢复君主制。古氏之所以直截了当地主张中国放弃共和民主制、恢复君主制,是因为他带着西方人的有色眼镜,以傲慢和偏见来观察中国问题,从而得出中国人民“民智卑下”、没有能力建立民主共和制度的荒谬结论。某些学对古氏的辩护是站不住脚的。一个国家应当走什么样的道路,应当由这个国家的人民自己来决定,而不应由外人说三道四,指手划脚,甚至越俎代庖。     

清末民初新疆乡约的特点

清末民初 ,新疆传统的伯克制度已经不适应形势发展的需要 ,而乡约以其灵活的组织形式和日益强化的综合管理职能等长处 ,适应了当地特殊的人文环境和地理环境 ,从而在新疆得到普遍推广。伴随着新疆乡约综合管理职能的强化 ,出现了乡约与官吏勾结 ,乡约养廉地渐被变卖 ,乡约设置过滥且多为当地头人把持等问题 ,故清末民初新疆乡约的危害极其严重。     

论有贺长雄与民初宪政的演变

有贺长雄在袁世凯扼杀共和民主制度,一步步走向专制独裁,乃至复辟帝制的过程中发挥了不可忽视的独特作用。他完全抹杀辛亥革命推翻清朝封建专制统治的历史事实,杜撰所谓的“国权授受说”,从根本上否定《中华民国临时约法》所确立的“国民主权说”,并以此作为袁世凯抛弃民主共和制度,复辟帝制的法理依据。民国2年后宪政体制的演变就是在有贺长雄杜撰的这个理论指导下进行的。有贺长雄的言行体现了当时日本帝国政府的对华政策和意志,他名义上是中国国家元首聘请的法律顾问,但实际上扮演着“阴谋政治家”的不光彩角色。     

民初“自由”报刊的自由观

在近代中国,尽管不能断言标名“自由”的报刊必定奉行自由主义,也有主张自由主义的报刊不以“自由”为标签,但那些自称为“自由”的刊物,显然应是考察近代中国自由主义历史轨迹的重要凭借。清季自由观念逐渐传播普及,以自由为名号的人士日渐增多。继《申报》开辟“自由谈”栏目,民初至少出现了9家标名为“自由”的报刊,主要分为两类,其一为自由党系统在各地的机关报,其二为以游戏文章追求思想、言论、出版三大自由的报刊。二者在反对各地政权的舆论压制时坚决维护言论自由,但政治上并未高揭自由主义的旗帜,其形象的社会观感亦不甚佳。此后直到抗日战争爆发,才再度出现以“自由”为名的报刊数量激增的情形,自由主义成为部分报刊的思想旗帜和政治目标。     

梁济自沉与民初信仰危机

发生在民初的梁济自沉事件,为中国社会转型期的文化重建开启了一极为生动的视角,在民初思想文化领域引起了相当的反响。梁济借“殉清”之名,一面展示其孜孜以求的儒家价值意义世界,一面谴责清末民初污浊的官场、寡廉鲜耻的官吏。梁济自沉正值社会转型、新旧思想急剧变化之时,其内心价值认同与现实的极度紧张,正反映了传统价值体系的崩溃与社会信仰危机之间的关系。     

Seeking and Managing Wealth: Advice from a Guangdong Mother in Late Qing and Early Republican China

This article traces the life of Qu Fengzhu (1860–1927), a native of Panyu, Guangdong, with special focus on her Zhijia yaoyi (Basic principles of household management). Whereas many women from elite families in late imperial China emphasized the importance of their sons studying hard in order to secure a place in the government or to live with dignity, Qu Fengzhu focused on seeking and managing wealth properly to sustain the family finances. Living in the greater Canton area loaded with heavy commercial activities and East-West interaction opportunities, as well as witnessing the political and social transition from the imperial era to the republican era, Qu Fengzhu gave very pragmatic advice to her offspring without elaborating much on high-sounding truths and principles. She set four rules for her children to follow and emphasized the importance of diligence and frugality. In a flourishing commercial world, the relatively conservative arguments on wealth management contained in Zhijia yaoyi somehow incorporates moral education. This makes its author’s words carry weight and significance.     

The Subject of the King and a Mercantile Ideology in Early Modern Spain

This article proposes an interpretation of Lope de Vega's El Brasil Restituido (1625) that points to the political, military, and economic crises of Spain in Europe as the underlying themes of the representation of the retaking of the Brazilian colony of Bahía from the Dutch. The Spanish monarchy faced a major challenge to its European supremacy during the first two decades of the seventeenth century. Not only was its military power being frontally contested at different sites of Europe, but its political and economic influence was rapidly deteriorating as well. One of the goals of the Count-Duke of Olivares, the powerful prime minister of Phillip IV, was to regain European leadership by mobilizing the mercantile segments of Spain. The play illustrates the confluence of two ideological systems during the transformation of Spanish feudal society. On the one hand, the dominant ideology of blood purity legitimizes the seigniorial structure of lineage; on the other hand, the representation of a new merchant as a good servant of the king discloses the important role that a mercantile enterprise and ethos had acquired in the formation of a subject to the monarchy.     

Cross-cultural sexual narratives and gendered reception in Republican China

ABSTRACT

This article examines nonfiction sexual narratives inspired by foreign thought in Republican China. It highlights female viewpoints to recover their hidden voices in history and shows the socio-cultural significance of the gendered reception of cross-cultural theories. I focus on three foreign female thinkers – Ellen Key, Emma Goldman, and Alexandra Kollontai – whose works stood for different schools of free love and drew numerous adherents in China. My study shows a nuanced but telling difference in the focuses of sexual narratives along gender lines. Whereas male writers sought to modernize marriage and liberate sexuality from socio-eugenic perspectives, female writers pursued sexual autonomy from relatively more personal stances. The rhetorical feature of Chinese female essayists, I argue, was essentially iconoclastic towards sexual conventions and yet reticent about free sexuality, as opposed to the progressive eloquence often shown in male writings about sexual matters. In sum, this article illustrates how Chinese female essayists retained gender propriety when openly addressing intimate matters, while male writers glamorized free sexuality and free love as a panacea for nation-strengthening and social/racial progress in a cross-cultural context.     

Grassroots authority in rural Guangdong during late Qing and early Republican times

Gongju, or public offices, controlled by the local gentry class, were the grassroots authorities in rural Guangdong during the late Qing. These offices maintained their own armed forces and usually had powers of administration, tax collection, and self-defense, as well as judicial powers. They were considered the extension of prefecture and county governments. With the authorization of the prefecture and county governments, these offices had the power to deal with important legal cases. Although they came under attack during the 1911 Revolution, these offices were able to recover quickly in different forms. In the late Qing era, local gentry with official titles earned in middle-level or lower-level civil service examinations took the leadership roles in such grassroots offices, but they were replaced by people who had direct control over the armed forces during Republican times.     

回顾与展望: 中国大陆地区的民国史研究

近30年来,中华民国史(1912-1949)的学术研究在大陆地区从无到有,有了巨大的发展,已经成为一个成果丰硕、相对完整的学科。大陆民国史研究的主导史观大致经过了从革命史观到民族主义史观、现代化史观的历程。进入21世纪后,民国史研究更呈现多元化的趋势,表现为新研究领域的开拓与新史料的运用。民国史研究若要进一步发展,需要对研究对象与范围进行重新界定,构建新的解释体系与加强国际学术界的合作与交流。     

清末民初城市的"公共休闲"与"公共时间"

城市近代工商业的发展是市民生活城市化、社会化、公共化的自然要求和必然结果,是市民生活公共领域的重要组成部分,也为民间社团、学会活动及公众集会、演说、演出等公共活动提供了条件。这一时期群众性的政治活动和文化活动剧烈频繁的壮观局面,使人们思想交流和互动空前频繁,形成日益趋同的思想变革节奏和价值取向,成为清末民初政治鼎革的社会文化基础。这是近代公民社会公共领域所形成的社会文化效应。     

清末民初陕北天主教传播过程时空特征分析

清末民初是天主教在陕北地区发展的重要阶段。在当时陕北23个县中有天主教传入的占19个,广大农村是传教士传教的主要地区,清光绪二十七年至宣统三年即1901至1911年是陕北天主教发展的高潮期。陕北地区在今内蒙古伊克昭盟与山西之间的37·5°N~38·5°N间呈东宽西窄的横楔形区域内,形成了一个天主教堂分布的相对集中区,其中又以西部靖边、怀远(今横山)和定边三县为天主教势力集中的重心所在。县域内天主教堂的空间分布也具有一定的规律。本文主要依据相关地方史志,简要说明清末民初天主教在陕北地区的传播过程并初步探讨其时空分布特征。     

论民初食盐就场专卖制与就场征税制之争

民国初期关于盐务改革模式的选择集合中,最有价值的设计和最基本的倾向有两种：一是以政府垄断为主的就场专卖制,这是多数中国改革所极力推崇的改革方案;另一种是揭橥自由贸易宗旨的就场征税制,为盐务稽核所洋会办丁恩(Sir．Richard M．Dane 1854-1940)和少数中国改     

Expertise Marginalized: Quality Inspection and the Grain Market in Republican China

With the help of professionally trained agricultural scientists, the Guomindang’s Nationalist government drafted a large-scale program for agricultural reconstruction in the late 1920s and early 1930s. At the heart of the program was a scientific rice-breeding experiment with the potential to produce great numbers of new high-yield rice varieties. However, this scientific achievement could not assure success of the new rice varieties in the market because the marketability of rice was determined not by the scientific productivity improvement but by a series of processes required before the rice reached consumers. For this, local and practical contexts had to be considered. By juxtaposing two different forms of “rice expertise,” this paper illuminates the incompatibility between the state’s productivist understanding of agricultural improvement and the quality issue in the grain market.     

晚清民初现代“文明”和“文化”概念的形成及其历史实践

在晚清民初的历史语境里,中国传统的“文明”和“文化”概念先是大体经历了一个摆脱轻视物质、经济、军事方面的内容,形成内蕴进化理念的新的现代“文明”概念——广义的现代“文化”概念,再从另一维度部分地回归与“武化”、物质化相对的中国传统“文明”和“文化”的关键内涵,进而获取新的思想资源、重建一种新的狭义“文化”概念的过程,最终复构成了一个广、狭义内涵并存的、带有矛盾性的现代“文化”概念结构。这两个重要的现代概念形成和演变的过程,同时也是当时的中国人运用它们进行社会改革的实践过程。戊戌时期,现代“文明”概念已经在趋新士大夫中逐渐流行开来,并携带一系列现代性主导价值观念,成为维新运动得以全方位展开不容忽视的思想依托;而狭义“文化”概念的出现及其与广义概念的合构,则影响了五四新文化运动的进程。     

国外关于清末民初乡村民变问题研究述评

民变是衡量社会运行状态的一项重要指标,中外学者对中国近代民变一直给予关注.国外学者对清末民初社会转型时期的乡村民变进行了大量的研究,既有宏观与微观的研究,也有定性和定量的分析,成果较丰硕,但在资料建设、研究深度和区域等方面尚存在不足之处.对国外的相关研究状况作一概述,对于拓宽国内学者的研究视野、深入认识辛亥革命有着一定的启示意义.     

清末民初中央政府参谋机构的设置及其沿革初考

清末军谘处、军谘府的先后设立,成为中国近代军令机关独立于军政的先声.南京临时政府也有参谋部的设置.民国北京政府所设参谋本部,基本沿袭清末军谘府,并适当参考了南京临时政府参谋部的构成.三十余年中,参谋本部的机构设置几经变化.