Irish Republican Politics and Violence before the Peace Process, 1968–1994

Analyses of the Provisional IRA in Northern Ireland tend to underplay the influence of political strategy in the 1970s, preferring to emphasise militarism. Similarly, the persistence of militarism in the 1980s is often obscured by the attention paid to a ‘new’ republican political orientation. This article seeks to draw attention to the IRA's evolving attitude to the ‘problem’ of Ulster unionism, and republicanism's various estimations of the likely efficacy of violence throughout the period. Republicanism is best understood as a deeply rooted working-class ethno-nationalist movement interacting closely with the other agents of the Northern Ireland conflict: constitutional nationalism, unionism and the British government. ‘Armed struggle’ became a declining asset for republicanism as it came to be seen less as a form of ‘popular guerrilla warfare’ and more as ‘terrorism’. 1 [1] For valuable advice, thanks to Prof. Roy Foster. Opinions expressed are my own. View all notes     

Captain Canuck,audience response,and the project of Canadian nationalism

This paper addresses the role of comic books in interpellating national identities, locating the process of national identity formation in the interplay between popular culture producers and their audiences as described by Althusser (1977 Althusser, L. 1977. Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, London: New Left Books.  [Google Scholar]) and McGee (1975 McGee, M. 1975. In search of ‘the people’: a rhetorical alternative. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 61: 235–249. [Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). The empirical section of this paper focuses on Captain Canuck, a Canadian-produced comic book originating in the 1970s and sporadically published through the present day. The authors engaged in a qualitative content analysis of the Captain Canuck comic books, searching for themes and markers of Canadian-ness and looking for audience identifications with those themes and markers in the ‘letter to the editor’ columns published within the comic books themselves. The study finds that through the many incarnations of Captain Canuck various versions of Canadian identity have been projected, with varying degrees of support by the readership. The role of the USA in Canadian identity formation looms large, especially in the positioning of Canadian quality and multiculturalism against the tacitly American lack thereof. Another finding of this research is that there has been a fundamental change in the way Canadian identity is structured as a new, commercially driven Canadiana culture industry has arisen since the 1970s.     

In Place and At Home in the City: Connecting privilege,safety and belonging for women in Toronto

In this article I theorize the connections between privileged social identities and women's sense of safety and belonging in a diverse urban environment, Toronto. Based on qualitative research with a small group of women who grew up in the suburbs of Toronto, and later chose to live in the city, this article is a preliminary investigation into the factors that make it possible for some women to feel ‘in place’ in the city. I suggest that confidence, a sense of belonging, and the ability to distance oneself from violence are all related to privileges such as whiteness and middle-classness. In the Canadian context, these identities function as the invisible norm, allowing women to feel at home in an ethnically and economically diverse city. Moreover, the ability to move into and through urban space may function in a reciprocal manner to reinforce privileged identities. I argue that it is important to examine interlocking systems of privilege and oppression in terms of both women's affective experiences of urban space, and the gendered constitution of urban spaces. This approach serves to problematize and complicate the concept of appropriation of urban space through an examination of the salience of privilege. I conclude by suggesting that this article may serve to open dialogue about the relationship of privileged identities to marginalized identities in the city, in order to add complexity to feminist research on women's everyday lives in the city.

Women are not merely objects in space where they experience restrictions and obligations; they also actively produce, define and reclaim space. (Koskela, 1997 Koskela, Hille. 1997. ‘Bold walk and breakings’: women's spatial confidence versus fear of violence. Gender, Place & Culture, 4: 301–319. [Taylor & Francis Online] [Google Scholar], p. 305)     

Woman Traveller/Colonial Tourist

I promised to show you a map but you say this is a mural

Then yes let it be these are small distinctions

Where do we see it from is the question1 ?1. Adrienne Rich, cited in Kaplan Kaplan, Karen. 2000. Questions of Travel: Postmodern Discourses of Displacement, London: Duke University Press.  [Google Scholar], Questions of Travel, 8. View all notes     

A white‐hot liquid earth and geological time

EUROPE

Scotland, By IAN FINLAY. 7 1/4 X 4 1/2 in. Pp. vii+136. 10 illustrations. 4 maps. London : Oxford University Press, 1945. Price 3s. 6d.

Highland Holiday : Arran to Ben Cruachan. By W. A. POUCHER, F.R.P.S. Crown 4 to. Pp. 104. 76 photographs. 3 end‐paper maps. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd., 1945. Price 18s.

Bath. By R. A. L. SMITH. Demy 8VO. Pp. 118. 84 illustrations. Map. London : B. T. Batsford Ltd., 1944. Price 12s. 6d.

Radnor Old and Neul. By W. H. HOWSE. With a Foreword by The Lord Rennell of Rodd. Demy 8vo. Pp. 54. Hereford : Jakemans Ltd., 1944. Price 41.

History of the Isle of Man. By R. H. KINVIG, M.A. Crown 8 vo. Pp. xv+240. 48 figs., including sketch‐maps. . End‐paper maps. London : (For the Manx Society) Oxford University Press, 1944. Price 5s.

Roman Panorama: A Background for To‐day. By HUMFREY GROSE‐HODGE, M.A. Crown 8vo. Pp. xviii+260. Frontispiece. 14 plates, ao text‐figures. 3 sketch maps. Cambridge : University Press, 1944. Price 8s. 6d.

Eastern Europe. By JOSEF HANG. Foreword by Jan Masaryk. Demy 8vo. Pp. 272. Sketch map. London : Museum Press Ltd., 1943. Price 12s. 6d.

The U.S.S.R.: A Geographical Survey. ByJ. S. GREGORY, B.A., F.R.G.S., and D. W. SHAVE, M.SC. Crown 8vo. Pp. 636. 72 figs. London : George G. Harrap and Co. Ltd., 1944. Price 21s.

Russia : A Concise History—from the Foundation of the State to Hitler's Invasion. By Louis SEGAL. . Crown 8vo. Pp. 26a. Illustrated. London: W. H. Allen and Co. Ltd., 1944. Price 8s. 6d.

ASIA

Verdict on India. By BEVERLEY NICHOLS. 8 x 5 1/4 inches. Pp.256. London : Jonathan Cape, 1944. Price 12s. 6d.

China Looks Forward. By SUN Fo. Demy 8vo. Pp.260. London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd., 1944. Price 12s. 6d.

China Among the Powers. By DAVID NELSON ROWE. Demy 8VO. Pp. x+205. 3 maps. New York : Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1945. Price $2.00.

AMERICA

Climate of Indiana. By STEPHEN SARGENT VISHER. Crown 4 to. Pp.511. 492 figs. 81 tables. Indiana University Publications, Science Series No. 13. Bloomington : Indiana University, 1944. Price $4.00.

Needle to the North: The Story of an Expedition to Ungava and the Belcher Islands. By ARTHUR C. TWOMEY in collaboration with NIGEL HERRICK. Demy 8vo. Pp. 335. Illustrated. London : Herbert Jenkins Ltd., 1944. Price 25s.

Canadian North. By MALCOLM MACDONALD, P.C., M.P. Crown 8vo. xi+268. 20 illustrations. i map.’ London : Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, 1945. Price 10s. 6d.

The Aleutian Islands: Their People and Natural History (with Keys for the Identification of the Birds and Plants). By HENRY B. COLLINS, Jr., AUSTIN H. CLARK, and EGBERT H. WALKER. Med. 8vo. Pp. iv+131. ai plates. 8 figs. Smithsonian Institution War Background Studies No. 21. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1945.

OCEANIA

Fiji: Little India of the Pacific. By JOHN WESLEY COULTER. Med. 8vo. Pp. xiii+156. 5 maps. 1 graph. Chicago : University of Chicago Press ; London : Cambridge University Press. 2nd Impression, 1943. Price $2.00.

Geology of Lau, Fiji. By HARRY S. LADD and J. EDWARD HOFFMEISTER. Imp. 8vo. Pp. vi+_ 399. 62 plates. 41 figs. 118 bibliographical references. Honolulu: Bernice P. Bishop Museum (Bulletin 181), 1945.

POLAR REGIONS

Plowing the Arctic. By C. J. TRANTER. Crown 8vo. Pp.256. Illustrated. London: Hodder and Stoughton Ltd., 1944. Price 12s. 6d.

MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY

Civilization and Disease. By HENRY E. SIOERET. Med. 8vo. Pp. xi+255. 52 illustrations. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press; London: Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944. Price $3.75 or 2.2.S. 6d.

Climate Makes the Man. By CLARENCE A. MILLS, M.D., Ph.D. Crown 8vo. Pp. 186. London : Victor Gollancz Ltd., 1945. Price ys. 6d.

EDUCATIONAL

Global Geography. By GEORGE T. RENNER and Associates. Demy 8vo. Pp. viii+728. Illustrated. New York : Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1944. Price $3.75.

Astronomical Air Navigation: A Comprehensive Handbook embodying the Latest Principles for Practical Navigators, Instructors and Students. By Squadron‐Leader RONALD HADINGHAM, R.A.F.O. With a Foreword by Air‐Commodore P. E. Maitland, M.V.O., A.F.C. Fcap 4to. Pp.

xii+151. 63 figs. 2 end‐paper (star recognition test) maps. London: The Technical Press Ltd., and ed., 1945. Price 12 S.

Le Canada par l'image. By BENOIT BROUILLETTE. Med. 8VO. Pp.114. 96 photographs. I map. Montreal : Libraire Beauchemin Limitee, 3rd ed., 1944. Price $1.00 (including postage).

GENERAL

The Naval Heritage. By DAVID MATHEW. Demy 8VO. Pp. xxiii+264. 8 illustrations. London‐: William Collins, Sons and Co. Ltd., 1944. Price 12s. 6d.

Macpherson's Voyages. Edited by JOHN SCOTT HUGHES. Demy 8VO. Pp. xvi+197. 23 plates. 3 figs. 11 maps. London: Methuen and Co. Ltd., 1944. Price 15s.

A Life of Travels. By C. S. RAFINESQUE. Being a verbatim and literatim reprint of the original and only edition (Philadelphia, 1836). Foreword by E. D. Merrill. Critical Index by F. W. Pennell. 10 1/4 x 6 3/4 inches. Chronica Botanica, 1944, 8 (2): 291–360. 5 illustrations. Waltham, Mass. : The Chronica Botanica Co.; London : Wm. Dawson and Sons Ltd., 1944. Price $2.50.

Gypsy in the Sun. By ROSITA FORBES. Demy 8VO. Pp.382. 55 illustrations. 7 maps. London; Cassell and Co. Ltd., 1944. Price 17s. 6d.

Camera at War. By F.‐Lt. HENRY HENSSER. Demy 8vo. Pp. 92. 49 illustrations. London : Jarrolds Publishers (London) Ltd., 1944. Price 12s. 6d.

Out of Old Fields. By ANNE BLAKEMORE. Crown 8vo. Pp. 288. 30 photographs. London and Redhill: The Lutterworth Press, 1944. Price 10s.     

First fossil pollen record of Auriculiidites Elsik, 1964 in Australia

Macphail, M.K. & Partridge, A.D., June 2012. First fossil pollen record of Auriculiidites Elsik, 1964 Elsik, W. C. 1964. A new sporomorph genus from eastern Peru. Pollen et Spores, 6: 601–604.  [Google Scholar] in Australia. Alcheringa 36, 283–286. ISSN 0311-5518.

Fossil auriculate pollen assigned to Auriculiidites Elsik is preserved in middle early Eocene estuarine facies near Strahan, on the west coast of Tasmania. This is the first record of this otherwise Late Cretaceous–Paleocene morphogenus in Australia and possibly the Southern Hemisphere. Auriculiidites is one of several, now tropical, taxa found at Strahan and underscores the area's importance in understanding the impact of early Eocene global warming at high latitudes.

Mike Macphail [mike.macphail@anu.edu.au], Department of Archaeology & Natural History, College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia; Alan D. Partridge, Biostrata Pty. Ltd. 302 Waiora Rd., Macleod, Victoria 3085, Australia. Received 28.8.2011, revised 5.2.2012, accepted 16.2.2012.     

Unfinished Business from Potsdam: Britain,West Germany,and the Oder-Neisse Line, 1945–1962

Abstract

William Waldegrave Palmer, second earl of Selborne, took up his appointment as first lord of the admiralty in the marquess of Salisbury's third administration on 1 November 1900. This was Salisbury's recently acquired son-in-law's first experience of high office. Initially, as will be seen, Selborne regarded France and Russia as constituting the sole threat to British naval supremacy. Indeed, for reasons entirely to do with ‘economy’s, he was prepared to envisage the making of an alliance with Germany. He maintained this stance throughout 1901. At some point in the course of 1902, however, he displayed a dramatic change in outlook, which it is the purpose of this article to describe and, by pinning down the date with more precision than did Selborne himself in correspondence with Arthur J. Marder in 1938, to explain.1 A.J. Marder, TheAnatomy of British Sea Power: A Histo~ of B~tish Naval Policy in the Pre-Dreadnought Era, 1880–1905 (London, 1940), p. 464.      

Airports and air-mindedness: spacing,timing and using the Liverpool Airport, 1929–1939

Some popular texts have associated airports with a lack of identity. It is supposed that people are alienated from these ahistorical and interstitial spaces (Augé 1995 Augé, M. 1995. Non-places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity, London: Verso.  [Google Scholar]; Castells 1996 Castells, M. 1996. The Rise of the Network Society, Volume 1: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Oxford: Blackwell.  [Google Scholar]). Other approaches have tended to ignore their sociality, exploring their role within transport networks rather than what goes on within. Through a discussion of the early beginnings of British airport development and the construction of Liverpool Airport at Speke, I attempt to show how there are other contextual geographies to airports. By using the concept of air-mindedness—a moral geographical concept that promoted the belief in the possibilities of aircraft mobility, this paper discusses how social identities became bound to flight, forming the context to the development of the airport and both local and national belonging. This examination will reveal the embeddedness of airports within the times, spaces and uses from which they are produced and consumed. Archival research provides the material for this discussion.

Les aéroports et le sens des choses de l'air: l'espace, le temps et l'utilisation de l'aéroport de Liverpool, 1929–1939

Un nombre d'écrits populaires ont dressé un parallèle entre les aéroports et un déficit d'identité. Les gens, suppose t'on, se sentent aliénés par ces espaces ahistoriques et interstitiels (Augé 1995 Augé, M. 1995. Non-places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity, London: Verso.  [Google Scholar]; Castells 1996 Castells, M. 1996. The Rise of the Network Society, Volume 1: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Oxford: Blackwell.  [Google Scholar]). Dans d'autres cas, on a fait fi de leur socialité, explorant alors leur rôle au sein de réseaux des transports plutôt que de s'intéresser à ce qui se passe dedans. Une discussion sur les tout débuts de l'expansion des aéroports britanniques et de la construction de l'aéroport de Liverpool à Steke tente de montrer comment les aéroports sont situés dans des contextes géographiques différents. Grâce au concept du sens des choses de l'air—un concept moral en géographie qui renforçait la croyance dans les possibilités de mobilité qu'offre l'avion, cet article traite de la façon dont les identités sociales se rattachent au vol créant ainsi le contexte dans lequel se situe le développement de l'aéroport et de l'appartenance locale et nationale. Dans cette étude, il est question de l'enchâssement des aéroports dans les époques, espaces et usages à partir desquels ils sont produits et consommés. La discussion fait état des résultats d'une recherche en archivistique.

Mots-clefs: aéroports, géographie, contexte, mobilité, identité, sens des choses de l'air.

Aeropuertos y air-mindedness: espacio, tiempo y el uso del aeropuerto de Liverpool 1929–1939

Algunos textos populares asocian los aeropuertos con una falta de identidad. Se supone que la gente se siente distanciada de estos espacios ahistóricos e intersticiales (Augé 1995 Augé, M. 1995. Non-places: Introduction to an Anthropology of Supermodernity, London: Verso.  [Google Scholar]; Castells 1996 Castells, M. 1996. The Rise of the Network Society, Volume 1: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Oxford: Blackwell.  [Google Scholar]). Los enfoques de otros no tienen en cuenta el aspecto social y exploran el papel del aeropuerto en las redes de transporte en vez de explorar lo que pasa dentro del mismo aeropuerto. Por un estudio de los inicios del desarrollo del Aeropuerto Británico y la construcción del aeropuerto de Liverpool en Speke, pretendo mostrar que, con respecto a los aeropuertos, hay otras geografías contextuales para explorar. Haciendo uso de la idea de ‘air-mindedness’—un concepto geográfico moral que fomentaba confianza en las posibilidades de movilidad aeronáutica—este papel habla de cómo las identidades sociales llegaron a ser vinculadas a la aviación, así formando el contexto para el desarrollo del aeropuerto y un sentido de pertenencia, tanto local como nacional. Este estudio revela hasta qué punto los aeropuertos se han arraigado en los tiempos, espacios y usos de los cuales son producidos y consumidos. Hago uso de investigaciones de archivos para este debate.

Palabras claves: aeropuertos, geografía, contexto, movilidad, identidad, air-mindedness.     

Generational differences in women's attitudes towards paid employment in a British city: the role of habitus

Most studies of women's work orientations are based on the attitudes and experiences of women with dependent children and conceptualise women's decision-making in terms of moral positions on the combination of paid work and motherhood. Thus, work orientations are understood within a ‘gender model’ (Dex 1988 Dex, S. 1998. Women's attitudes towards work, New York: St. Martin's Press.  [Google Scholar]), which assumes that women's family situation drives their attitudes towards paid work. This article draws on qualitative interview data collected from interviews with women in two age groups living in Oxford, UK, to explore generational differences in women's work orientations and labour market behaviour. Drawing on a Bourdieusian framework, it considers specifically how changing social, economic and moral geographies, incorporating expectations about women's economic and caring roles, have influenced the habitus of older and younger women. The results of the study suggest that whilst caring responsibilities clearly influence women's attitudes and employment patterns, paid work is more important to younger women's sense of themselves and ‘gender models’ of work orientations do not adequately describe their attitudes.     

Dark Nightmare: The Shooting of William Alexander as Canon Scott Saw it

Frederick G. Scott's World War I war memoir, The Great War As I Saw It, contains the sole unofficial eyewitness recording of a court martial execution that we possess. The case of William Alexander 20726 Alexander, William. 20726. Service records. Library Archives Canada, RG24, vol. 2538 HQS 1822, RG 150/acc 1992-93/166/Box 83-992 and RG24-C-1, 1946 Central Army Registry R112-553-X-E, Reel C-5053 90,  [Google Scholar], executed in October 1917, for desertion in the face of the enemy compelled Scott to devote more printed space to it than to the death of his own son, Henry. A discussion based upon a close reading of Scott's memoir and an exposition from archival sources of Alexander's case demonstrates the ways in which Scott evades the case's disturbing implications echoes wider aspects of Canada's early memorialization of the Great War.     

Deconstructing twinned towers: Lisbon's Expo '98 and the occluded geographies of discovery

This paper develops a critique of Western representations of discovery, centrality and self-identity via a focus on Portugal's Expo '98. Two of the towers of the title were incorporated into the site of Expo '98 (the last universal exposition of the twentieth century), which offered the chance to reiterate the importance of Portugal's imperial discoveries on a global stage and to reaffirm Portuguese national identity in the process. The paper examines how historical and geographical narratives of imperialism and the ‘Portuguese voyages of discovery’ were reworked in Expo '98 to resurrect a national sense of pride in belonging to and pioneering Europe. Critical postcolonial perspectives which break with Eurocentrism are required if the role of other cultures and histories in the Portuguese contribution to the making of modernity is to be appreciated. Such perspectives enable wider reflections about the constitution of the West and the non-West in the making of a multifaceted modernity of which expositions (and monumental towers) are concentrated expressions.

Portugal's was the pioneer empire in more ways than one, and it exhibited all the defects as well as all the glories of the age it inaugurated. No Nation of the fifteenth or sixteenth century ever saw more, reported a greater variety of things, or left more of its imprint on the modern world, whose chief characteristic, after all, is mobility. (Diffie and Winius 1996 Diffie, B.W. and Winius, G.D. 1996. Foundations of the Portuguese Empire 1415–1580, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.  [Google Scholar]: 434)     

A l'attac. Globalisation and Ideological Renewal on the French Left

The question of globalisation has become a focus of intense debate on the French Left with growing attempts to redefine the nature and forms of leftist opposition. More than any other grouping Attac, created in 1998, has been at the centre of a movement of opposition that contests the terms of neo-liberal globalisation and posits an alternative vision of social and political change. This article focuses on Attac's role in constructing a new discourse of opposition in relation to a global economic order. Whilst Attac seems to offer the possibility for ideological renewal on the Left, it has so far been unable to mobilise widespread support behind its political project. For some observers, Attac has failed to make explicit the connections between particular social problems and grievances in France and a universal context of change at international level. It tends to treat globalisation as an abstract ‘scientific’ problem, a distant and reified phenomenon rather than a social reality affecting millions of French citizens in their everyday lives.

Comment cela s'appelle-t-il, ce moment o[ugrave] un autre monde devient possible? Cela a un très beau nom, camarades. Cela s'appelle l'aurore.1 ?[1] Ramonet, I. (2002 Ramonet, I. 2002. “Cela s'appelle l'aurore”. In Attac au Zénith, 13–25. Paris: Mille et Une Nuits.  [Google Scholar]) ‘Cela s'appelle l'aurore’, in Attac au Zénith, Attac, Mille et Une Nuits, Paris, p. 21. The slogan un autre monde est possible was first devised by Attac and has since become the main symbolic reference for the French anti-globalisation movement.      

POETIC PRISM: THE CANADIAN FORUM IN THE GREAT DEPRESSION

This article ponders the quest for a new Quebec constitution. It critically analyzes a proposed Quebec constitution introduced as a bill in Quebec's National Assembly in 2007 ¹ 1. Québec Official Publisher (2007a Québec Official Publisher. 2007a. National Assembly, First Session, Thirty-Eighth Legislature, Bill 196, Québec Constitution. Québec Official Publisher http://www.assnat.qc.ca/eng/38legislature1/Projets-loi/Publics/07-a196.pdf (Accessed: 20 May 2008).  [Google Scholar]). and probes the meaning and significance of such a provincial constitution. It makes some comparisons of Quebec's current constitution with those of other provinces and concludes by reflecting on the political prospects and legal effects of such a proposed new constitution. The adoption of a new Quebec constitution, along the lines proposed in 2007 and 2008, should not significantly alter Canada's constitutional order under Canadian law or affect Quebec's current constitutional arrangements with Ottawa and the other provinces. Such a new constitution might, however, come to prevail over other Quebec laws. The objectives of the proposed new constitution are to forge and reinforce Quebecers' sense of a common political identity. The project, however, is not currently at the forefront of discussion.     

The primitive races of South‐Eastern Asia

Memoirs of my Indian Career. By SIR G. CAMPBELL, M.P., K.C.S.I., D.C.L. Edited by Sir Charles E. Bernard. With Portrait. 2 vols. London and New York: Macmillan and Co., 1893. Pp. 305 and 428.

Where Three Empires Meet: A Narrative of Recent Travel in Kashmir, Western Tibet, Gilgit, and the adjoining Countries. With a Map and 54 Illustrations. By E. F. KNIGHT. London and New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1893. Pp. xvi + 495. Price 18s.

Australische Reise. Von R. v. LENDENFELD. Mit Illustrationen. Innsbruck: Verlag der Wagner'schen Universitäts‐Buchhandlung, 1892. 8vo. Pp. 325.

La Grèce Byzantine et Moderne. Essais Historiques par D. BIK#AAELAS. Paris: Librairie de Firmin‐Didot et C^ie, 1893. Pp. viii + 435.

Une Excursion à Ithaque. Par ERNEST SEILLI#AGERE. Dessins de Pierre Vignal d'après les Photographies de 1'auteur et carte de l'île d'Ithaque. Paris: Librairie de l'Art (L. Allison et C^ie.), 1892. Pp. 76.

Beise durch Montenegro, nebst Bemerkungen über Land und Leute. Von Dr. KURT HASSERT. Mit 30 Abbildungen nach den Aufnahmen des Verfassers, und einer Karte. Wien: A. Hartleben's Verlag, 1893. Pp. vi + 236. Price 5 M.

La France en Algérie. Par Louis VIGNON, ancien Chef du Cabinet du Ministre des Finances. Paris: Librairie Hachette et C^ie, 1893. Pp. 552.

Die Vereinigten Staaten Nordamerikas in der Gegenwart. Sitten, Institutionen, und Ideen seit dem Secessionskriege. Von CLAUDIO JANNET, Professor der Social‐ökonomie am Institut Catholique de Paris, und Dr. WALTER KÄMPFE, Mitglied der Société Internationale d'Économie Sociale in Paris. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder'sche Verlagshandlung, 1893. Pp. xliv + 704. M. 8.

The History of South Australia from its Foundation to the Year of its Jubilee. With a Chronological Summary of all the Principal Events of Interest up to Bate. By EDWIN HODDER. With Two Maps. London: Sampson Low, Marston, and Company, Limited, 1893. 2 vols. Pp. xii + 391 and vii + 400. Price £1, 4s.

Wanderings in Spain. By AUGUSTUS J. C. HARE. Sixth Edition. London: George Allen, 1892. Pp. 274. Price 7s. 6d.

Abessinien. Aus dem Nachlasse von E. F. A. MÜNZENBERGER. Herausgegeben von Jos. SPILLMANN, S.J. Mit 38 Abbildungen und einer Karte. Herder'sche Verlagshandlung. Freiburg im Breisgau, 1892. Pp. 156 and Index.

Die Wahrheit ueber Emin Pasha; die ägyptische Aequatorialprovinz und den Ssudan. Von VITA HASSAN. Erster Teil. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 1893. Pp. 223.

Arthur Young's Travels in France, during the Years 1787, 1788, 1789, with an Introduction, Biographical Sketch, and Notes. Edited by Miss BETHAM‐EDWARDS. Fourth Edition, corrected and revised. London: George Bell and Sons, 1892. Pp. lix + 366. Price 3s. 6d.

Some Further Becollections of a Happy Life, selected from the Journals of Marianne North, chiefly between the years 1859 and 1869. Edited by her sister, Mrs. JOHN ADDINGTON SYMONDS. London: Macmillan and Co., 1893. Pp. viii + 316. Price 8s. 6d. net.

Un Royaume Polynesien. Iles Hawaï. Par G. SAUVIN. Paris: E. Plon, Nourrit et C^ie, 1893. Pp. 321.

More about the Mongols. By JAMES GILMOUR. London: The Eeligious Tract Society, 1893. Pp. 320.

Die Handelspolitik Englands und seiner Kolonien in den letzten Jahrzehnten. Von Dr. CARL JOHANNES FUCHS. Leipzig: Verlag von Duncker und Humblot, 1893. Pp. 358.

Scenerie der Alpen. Von Dr. EBEEHARD FEAAS. With Illustrations in the text, Page Plates, and a Sketch‐Map of the Alps. Leipzig: T. O. Weigel Nach‐folger, 1892. 8vo. Pp. 325.

Die Oro‐ und Hydrographie Sumatra's, nach dem Standpunkte unserer heutigen Kenntnisse. Mit einer Kartenskizze. Inaugural‐Dissertation zur Erlangung der philosophischen Doktorwürde an der Georg‐Augusts‐Universität zu Göttingen. Von JAN FREERK HOEKSTRA, aus Apeldoorn, Niederlande. Groningen, J. B. Wolters, 1893. Pp. 128.

Text‐Book of Comparative Geology. By E. KATSER, Ph.D., Professor of Geology in the University of Marburg. Translated and Edited by PHILIP LAKE, M.A., F.G.S. London: Swan Sonnenschein and Co., 1893. 8vo. Pp. 426.

An Elementary Handbook of Geology. By A. J. JUKES‐BROWNE, B.A., F.G.S., H.M. Geol. Survey. “Library of Popular Science.” London : Whittaker and Co., 1893. Pp. ix+248.

Advanced Physiography. By RICHARD A. GREGORY and J. C. CHRISTIE, F.G.S. With numerous Original Illustrations. London: Joseph Hughes and Co., 1893. Pp. 280.

La France et ses Colonies. Par E. LEVASSEUR. Vol. iii. New Edition, entirely Revised. 1893. Paris: Librairie Charles Delagrave. Pp. 371. Appendices and Indexes.

The Soil in Relation to Health. By H. A. MIERS and R. CROSSKEY. Pp. 130. Index and Illustrations. London: Macmillan and Co., 1893.

Pinetum Danicum. Conifers collected and observed by Professor CARL HANSEN. Notes sent to the Conifer Conference held at Chiswick, October 1891. [Reprinted from the Journal of the Horticultural Society, vol. xiv.—Conifer Conference Report.] London: Spottiswoode and Co., 1892. Pp. 224.

History of British Guiana. Vol. ii. By JAMES EODWAY, F.L.S. Georgetown, Demerara: J. Thomson, 1893. Pp. 308. Price $3.

Handbook of British Ouiana. By JAMES KODWAY, F.L.S. Georgetown, 1893. Pp. 93.

Tenting on the Plains, or General Ouster in Kansas and Texas. By ELIZABETH B. CUSTER. London: Cassell and Co., 1893. Pp. x + 403.

American Irrigation Engineering. A Paper read before the American Society of Civil Engineers by HEREERT M. WILSON, M.Am.Soc.C.E. With Discussion. Pp. 161 to 222. Illustrated.

Gazetteer of the Gurdaspur District, 1891–92. Bs. 3/14.—Gazetteer of the Hissar District, 1892. Rs. 3/12.—Gazetteer of the Ferozepore District, 1888–89. Rs. 2. —Gazetteer of the Karnal District, 1890. Rs. 2/8.—Gazetteer of the Ambala District, 1892–93. Rs. 2/8. Compiled and Published under the authority of the Punjab Government.

A. Hartleben's Statistische Tabelle über alle Staaten der Erde. Wien, Pest, Leipzig: A. Hartleben's Verlag, 1893. Price 50 Pf.

Guide to Ben Nevis. With an Account of the Foundation and Work of the Meteorological Observatory. Edinburgh and Glasgow: John Menzies &; Co. N.D. Pp. vi. + 69. Price 1s.     

OCCUPATION AND ETHNICITY IN FIVE NINETEENTH-CENTURY CITIES: A COLLABORATIVE INQUIRY

Abstract

Literary critics and historians often interpret authors and authors' works as more or less significant, but are reluctant to quantify those works. The interdisciplinary field of creativity studies, however, poses methods of quantifying the eminence of an author's works. This study uses four measures from that field (anthology entries, scholarly citations, entries in books of quotations, and auction sale records) and one measure from the fields of computational linguistics and data mining (ngrams using millions of books digitized by Google) to assess the eminence of John Milton's thirty-one prose works1. For the purpose of this study, Milton's short “A Letter to a Friend Concerning the Ruptures of the Commonwealth” (1659) was not included in the quantitative analysis out of concern with possible conflations and confusions with letters in Milton's Familiar Letters. and their relation to his greater achievement in epic poetry. These measures indicate the singular eminence of Areopagitica, Milton's 1644 tract on the liberty of unlicensed printing.     

Biblical Archaeology: a Plea for its Continuation

ABSTRACT

The aim of this article is to propose a ritualistic reading of Old Testament ritual texts based on the theory of Roy A. Rappaport. ² 2. Rappaport's ritual theory as it is expressed in Rappaport's major work, Ritual and Religion in the Making of Humanity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999). One of Rappaport's more or less overlooked views is that in order to be able to “understand” a certain ritual, one will have to become acquainted with this ritual's liturgical orders, its encoded message. In other words to understand a ritual it is necessary in some way to be informed of this ritual's particular worldview.

As I focus on the ritual texts of the so called P material in the Pentateuch, and in particular on the law of the Nazirite in Numbers 6,1–21, I use this notion of Rappaport's as a hermeneutical key to the reading of the ritual texts.

It is my claim that when we try to answer the questions posed by a ritual text, if we limit our search to the worldview of the ritual in question, we will not only be using an approach which is methodologically sound and appropriate, we will also receive better answers.     

Fossil wood of the Mimosoideae from the early Paleocene of Patagonia,Argentina

Brea, M., Zamuner, A.B., Matheos, S.D., Iglesias, A. & Zucol, A.F., December, 2008. Fossil wood of the Mimosoideae from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, Argentina. Alcheringa 32, 427–441. ISSN 0311-5518.

An anatomically preserved mature stem from the Salamanca Formation (early Paleocene) at Palacio de Los Loros, central Patagonia, Argentina, is described and assigned to Paracacioxylon frenguellii sp. nov. The material was preserved by siliceous permineralization and shows features of the secondary xylem typical of subfamily Mimosoideae. This species represents the oldest record of the genus and of the Leguminosae along the western border of Gondwana, and is the world's second oldest record of Leguminosae wood. The species is characterized by ring-porous to semi-ring-porous vessels that are solitary, in multiples of 2–4 and clustered, simple perforation plates, alternate and vestured inter-vessel pitting, homocellular 1–6 seriate rays, tyloses, crystals and diffuse apotracheal, vasicentric paratracheal and confluent axial parenchyma. Paracacioxylon frenguellii has anatomical similarities to Acacia Miller. The presence of Paracacioxylon frenguellii associated with pulvinate leaves suggests that the legumes might have been a component of mesothermal forests developed along the western margin of the Golfo San Jorge Basin during the early Paleocene.     

The Penumbral Spaces of Nella Larsen's Passing: Undecidable bodies,mobile identities,and the deconstruction of racial boundaries

Nella Larsen's 1929 novel, Passing, is a psychological drama centering around two fair-skinned women. One, Clare Kendry, passes as the White wife of a financially successful racist; the other, Irene Redfield, is a ‘race woman’ living in upper Manhattan during the era of the Renaissance Harlem. Clare and Irene are undecidables, neither White nor Black, fluid subjects traversing the boundaries of race—passing. Passing is an act of insinuating oneself into forbidden spaces by jettisoning former identities. It is as much a transgression of spatial boundaries as it is of racial boundaries. In the novel Clare passes by merely crossing from Black space into White space, and along the way shedding a Black identity for a White one. This paper examines the mobility of identities across racial geographies and how this movement destabilizes notions of race and of raced spaces.

We encounter the world in our bodies, and through our bodies' most exquisitely sensitive sense, our skins, we take the world into ourselves. We have made and remade a world where nearly every experience is shaded and shaped by the color of those bodies, the tones of those skins. (Jane Lazarre Lazarre, Jane. 1997. Beyond the Whiteness of Whiteness: Memoir of a White Mother of Black Sons, Durham: Duke University Press.  [Google Scholar], Beyond the Whiteness of Whiteness: memoir of a White mother of Black sons, 1997, p. 94)     

Systematics and palaeobiology of some Cambrian hyoliths from Guizhou,China, and Nevada,USA

Sun, H., Babcock, L.E., Peng, J. &; Kastigar, J.M., July 2016. Systematics and palaeobiology of some Cambrian hyoliths from Guizhou, China, and Nevada, USA. Alcheringa 41, xxx–xxx. ISSN 0311-5518.

Hyoliths constitute one of the most important groups of early biomineralized metazoans. Abundant hyolith specimens, comprising both hyolithides and orthothecides, from the Balang Formation (Cambrian Stage 4), Guizhou, China, and the Poleta Formation (Cambrian Stages 3–4), Pioche Formation (Stages 4–5) and Emigrant Formation (Stages 4–5) Nevada, USA, add to the early Palaeozoic record of hyoliths from South China and Laurentia, and provide new taxonomic, taphonomic and palaeoecologic information about this group. Hyoliths from the Balang Formation include the hyolithides ‘Ambrolinevitus’ maximus Jiang, 1982, Galicornus seeneus? Val’kov, 1975 Val’kov, A.K., 1975. Biostratigrafiya i khiolity kembriya severovostoka Sibirskoe platformy [Cambrian biostratigraphy and hyoliths of the northeastern Siberian Platform]. Akademiya Nauka SSSR, Moscow, 139 pp. (in Russian) [Google Scholar], Haplophrentis reesei Babcock &; Robison, 1988 Babcock, L.E. &; Robison, R.A., 1988. Taxonomy and paleobiology of some Middle Cambrian Scenella (Cnidaria) and hyolithids (Mollusca) from western North America. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Paper 121, 1–22. [Google Scholar], ‘Linevitus’ guizhouensis sp. nov., Meitanovitus guanyindongensis Qian, 1978 Qian, Y., 1978. The Early Cambrian hyolithids in central and southwest China and their stratigraphical significance. Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica Memoir 11, 1–38. (in Chinese with English abstract) [Google Scholar], undetermined forms, and undetermined orthothecides. Hyoliths from Nevada include the hyolithides Haplophrentis carinatus (Matthew, 1899 Matthew, G.F., 1899. Studies on Cambrian faunas, No. 3—Upper Cambrian fauna of Mount Stephen, British Columbia—the trilobites and worms. Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, Series 2, 5, 39–66. [Google Scholar]), Nevadotheca whitei (Resser, 1938 Resser, C.E., 1938. Fourth contribution to the study of Cambrian fossils. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 97(10), 1–43. [Google Scholar]), an undetermined form, and undetermined orthothecides. In the Balang Formation, eocrinoids have been found attached to hyolithide conchs, which supports the view that hyolithides were benthic animals.

Haijing Sun* [hjsun1987@163.com], Resources and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Loren E. Babcock? corresponding author [babcockloren@gmail.com], School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Jin Peng corresponding author [gzpengjin@126.com], Resources and Environmental Engineering College, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China; Jessica M. Kastigar [kastigar.2@osu.edu], School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA. *Also affiliated with Key Laboratory of Economic Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China. ?Also affiliated with Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.     

Marginalia to a New Aeneis recensa

The text of G.B. Conte's Teubner edition (2009) contains more than 70 divergences from Mynors' edition (1969), apart from a number of orthographica. About 40% of these differing readings can also be found in Geymonat's text (1973/2008 Geymonat, M. 1973/2008. Opera Torino/ Roma [Google Scholar]). Among the rest this reviewer has noted a handful of choices of particular interest and fit to make the new edition a welcome contribution to the long-standing quest for an optimal text of Vergil. Another, more controversial, handful of Conte's preferences is discussed below together with his accompanying information in the app. crit.: 1. 380; 2. 433; 598; 738-739 (with a new conjecture); 3. 685-686; 4. 176; 5. 505; 851; 6. 746; 7. 129; 9. 130; 214; 402; 463; 10. 366 (with a new conjecture); 12. 470.