丝路鹿石漫谈

丝路鹿石漫谈●张生祥现存于蒙古高原地区最古老的代表性文物是鹿石。鹿石是古代蒙古草原民族留下的宝贵文化遗产,是游牧文化的一种重要表现形式。它是断面呈长方形的大体形石柱,其中个别为长条形,高度不一。其四面刻有鹿的形象,鹿嘴尖长,鹿头上有美丽的角叉,形态各...     

鹿角传奇:鹿石图像的种属辨识

鹿石是古代草原文化的标志性遗产,也是研究亚欧草原早期游牧民族历史的关键材料。而鹿石上动物图像的种属鉴定对理解鹿石的仪式功能和象征意义有不可替代的作用。但有关鹿图像所代表的自然种属,目前国内外似还缺乏专业鉴定,特别风格化一类的鹿图像。鹿角对鹿类种属鉴定有很强的指示意义,据此可知写实性的鹿形象绝大部分是成年的雄性驼鹿,个别是雄性马鹿。风格化的鹿图像则比较复杂,目前只能确认其角所代表的种属。根据每一通鹿石上不同鹿图像的空间位置、相互之间的结构布局,可以找出不同鹿图像其角部形态细部差异的空间原因,进而推导出这类鹿图像的一个基本原型,其它造型均是在此基础上因空间的需要而作相应的删简,这样所有风格化的鹿图像就比较明确——其鹿角很明显应是马鹿角的写照。结合鹿石图像其动物群所代表的生态分布,我们认为鹿石上的鹿图像主要是驼鹿、马鹿的映像,这可能与早期游牧民族的狩猎生计活动密切关联。     

蒙古——外贝加尔类型鹿石图案的刻画过程试析

鹿石是欧亚草原重要的古代遗存,其分布广泛,延续时间长,类型多样,因而对其研究层出不穷。本文在学界普遍认可的俄罗斯学者B.B.沃尔科夫的划分基础上,以图像分析的方法对其中的蒙古——外贝加尔类型鹿石的刻画过程展开复原研究。     

失落文明的路标

在蒙古遥远的北方草原,神秘的鹿角鸣喙动物图案攀爬在被称作“鹿石”的花岗巨石上。这些石板上绘有佩着青铜时代的剑、斧及其他工具的腰带纹样,有些石板高达4.5米。     

也谈弓形器的形制及相关问题

弓形器是商周时期用于挂缰的挂缰钩,有窄背和宽背两种。窄背类弓形器部分出自人骨腰部,在蒙古鹿石中相类的器物均挂于腰间并与弓及弓袋共出,因此其应挂在腰带上。车马坑中多放置宽背类弓形器并多置于车厢内,在鹿石中还见将辔系于车厢上的马车形象,因此一部分宽背类弓形器应绑缚在车厢前部用以挂辔。     

从甘肃岩画看上古时期甘肃的动物分布

甘肃省境内岩画丰富,每个岩画点基本都有动物形象。从西北端的阿克塞、肃北,到河西走廊东端的景泰、平川、靖远等地,境内岩画上出现的动物形象有牦牛、北山羊、盘羊、岩羊、马、狗、狼、虎、豹、骆驼、貘、鹿、蛇、石鸡、飞雁、鹰、燕等数十种。这些动物的地域分布有其自身的特点,对于甘肃省内岩画中动物形象分布的考察与研究具有重要的历史文化价值和意义。     

贵州遵义的宋代石室墓

贵州遵义的宋代石室墓,分布密集,数量众多,墓内有仿木构建筑、人物、动物、花卉、家具、几何形图案等精美雕刻,与四川盆地的宋墓风格一致,是研究西南地区宋墓的重要资料。本文旨在通过对遵义地区已经发现的宋墓资料进行梳理,分析遵义宋墓的流布时期、分布规律,分析这砦宋墓的成因以及当时四川盛行的雕刻之风对周边地区宋代石室墓的影响。     

庙湾子古墓群考论

乌鲁木齐市米东区柏杨河哈萨克族乡庙湾子村残存有四棱柱形鹿石和刀型鹿石,且曾出土石器,相邻的独山子村、白杨林子、宋家大坂村及魏家泉村都有岩画分布。位于庙湾子村东南约3公里处山前台地的古墓群由200多座呈东北—西南向链状排列的两排石堆墓葬构成。此类墓葬是乌古斯部族始终保持的墓葬形制。以博格达峰为标志的中天山南北地区是乌古斯部族的发源地,庙湾子村一带正位于该部族早期的核心活动区域。四棱柱形鹿石、刀型鹿石、石器、墓葬群及等地表文物表明当地文化有着较长的时代跨度,至晚自战国末以降便是乌古斯部族及其先民的栖息地。作为该部族标志的狼图腾文化是公元前2世纪上半叶在中天山地区形成的,绘有狼及太阳、月亮(日月)的独山子岩画出自乌古斯人之手,墓葬的时间上限早不过战国末,下限当不会晚于8世纪末。     

四川汉代力士雕刻造型释源

四川地区东汉时期的墓葬尤其是崖墓中以及汉阙上雕刻有不少力士图像,这种图像一般呈双手上举负重状。是崖墓和汉阙雕刻艺术中有特色的形象之一。现根据四川崖墓中及汉阙上的力士图像,对其来源、种类及意义作研究探索。     

蒙古和外贝加尔地区匈奴墓地的等级差别

蒙古和俄罗斯的外贝加尔地区是匈奴遗存的主要分布区,遗存的主要形式是由数量不等的墓葬组成的墓地,墓坑上面的石头堆积以及有些墓坑的形状和规模至今仍然能够很容易分辨出来。在上个世纪,俄罗斯和蒙古的考古工作者对上述地区的部分墓地进行了局部的或少量完全的发掘。根据这些发掘材料和墓地现存的墓葬地表情况可以看出,很多匈奴墓地之间存在等级差别,主要体现在很多墓地分成以一个较大墓葬为中心、周围分布规模较小墓葬的一个个墓群;不同级别的墓地,其中心大墓的规模以及其周围小墓的规模都有差别。目前,在上述匈奴墓地中对墓葬分布及其分…     

Between ideology and pragmatism: the ČSSR,the GDR and West European companies in the 1970s and 1980s

The article deals with Czechoslovakia's and East Germany's relations with West European enterprises and private businessmen in the 1970s and 1980s, and explores more specifically their licensing agreements and credit policy. The author shows their importance for technological modernisation and the realisation of so-called consumer socialism in both countries. It focuses on the political and business elites of both countries, and devotes special attention to the question of the ideological versus technocratic approach of the politicians and company directors as well as their impact on economic planning.     

Neither predator nor prey: What trafficking discourses miss about masculinities,mobility and work

Within trafficking discourses, men appear as predatory and exploitative, while boys appear as victims. This flattens the complexities of social life and obscures the ways that constructs of masculinity frame the trajectories of labour migrants and their brokers. This article challenges those discourses, drawing on research with two groups of labour migrants characterized as ‘victims of trafficking’, as well as with ‘traffickers’ who help them to move and work. The first are adolescents moving from Benin to the gravel quarries of Abeokuta, Nigeria. The second are adults from across West Africa who have made the illegal journey to Italy, where they live in ‘ghettos’ and work as gang labourers on harvests. In each case, migrants and their brokers come from the same or similar communities; (shared) ideals of masculinity structure their mobility and labour. Gendered transitions towards adulthood, the pressure to attain riches and status and a duty of responsibility to those younger and less successful are important. A focus on their masculinities takes us beyond ‘victim-perpetrator’ dyads.     

大型购物中心与幼童母亲的多重身份建构——女性主义、家庭化、公共与私人空间的超越

大型购物中心成为研究现代都市女性身份与社会、空间关系的三棱镜。本文聚焦于"幼童母亲"这一群体,探究其身份认同与购物中心的相互建构过程。通过南京市虹悦城购物中心的研究发现,幼童母亲在购物中心内建立起了多种身份认同,并在身份认同驱使下形成多重实践。这一过程使得幼童母亲在购物空间中突破了传统的公共空间与私人空间的二元划分,借助私密空间的综合性和社会化实现了女性自我个性的释放,实现了社会性别空间的重新定义,同时也重新定义和建构了大型购物中心这一现代都市消费空间。     

博物馆理论研究与博物馆发展方向——苏东海先生专访

21世纪以来,我国的博物馆事业进入新的发展高潮,博物馆理论与发展研究面临许多新的重大课题。博物馆学家苏东海先生认为:博物馆理论研究需要从博物馆发展实践着手,博物馆发展研究要重视发展战略和时代主题的研究;生态博物馆作为一种文化遗产保护理论与行动的新思维,呈现出与传统博物馆两极分化、对立统一的关系,其成功应建基于让文化的主人真正成为自己文化的主人;文化遗产的保护与发扬体现了当前国际博协的战略思想,是博物馆的时代主题;博物馆应充分认识并强化自身独特的知识、审美和道德特征及其价值,提升专业功能与社会职能,增强文化竞争力;博物馆理论工作者应直面博物馆领域的复杂形势,加强对国内外博物馆以及博物馆学基础理论的研究,探索适合中国博物馆发展的理论体系和发展道路,建设有中国特色的博物馆学。     

顾客对情境主题餐厅表演的感知研究——以广州味道云南食府为例

本文在构建情境主题餐厅概念的基础上,选取广州味道云南食府的顾客为研究对象,基于问卷调查,运用结构方程模型(SEM)、T检验和非参数检验的方法,探讨顾客对情境主题餐厅表演的感知特征。主要结论有:(1)情境主题餐厅表演感知影响顾客感知价值;(2)情境主题餐厅表演的感知价值影响顾客满意度;(3)情境主题餐厅表演感知影响顾客满意度;(4)顾客特征差异影响他们对情境主题餐厅表演的感知、感知价值和满意度。该结论对于新文化地理学城市微观文化空间的顾客感知理论有重要价值,对于情境主题餐厅的经营和发展也有一定的实践意义。     

Politics of Engagement: Gender Expertise and International Governance

This article studies the experiences of gender experts in international institutions of governance and examines their interactions with multiple actors in the governance system as they negotiate their authority to act as experts. Moving beyond binaries, such as those on the inside of hegemonic institutions versus those on the outside, or co-optation versus activism, the analysis uses processes of instrumentalization as a vantage point to lay out the multiple paths emerging in these politics of engagement. The article frames politics of engagement in terms of micropolitical tensions, ambivalences and contradictions that unfold in these interactions. It first argues that the boundaries that exist between inside and outside institutions are not clear cut because actors circulate between them. The study shows how gender experts instrumentalize their own life and career trajectories, navigating between advocacy and governance, to enhance their power in current institutional settings. It then focuses on instrumentalist discourses and traces their emergence in unequal negotiations. It demonstrates how gender experts can become part of the processes that they also critique. Finally, the study analyses strategies in which experts instrumentalize institutional inequalities to their advantage to produce diverse political possibilities with open-ended outcomes.     

Forging Manhood and Nationhood Together: American Sailors’ Accounts of their Exploits,Sufferings, and Resistance in the Antebellum United States

This essay will focus on sailor narratives, published between 1815 and 1860, to explore how the authors remembered their seafaring experiences during the first half of the nineteenth century. I am particularly interested in discussing how notions of national identity, patriotism, and manliness shaped these memoirists’ interpretation of their experiences during the War of 1812. I pay particular attention to how sailor authors dealt with the following topics: their impressment and incarceration as prisoners of war, their participation in naval battles, and their experiences with punishment, especially flogging, on the high seas. The essay views antebellum sailor narratives as part of a democratization of literature that popularized the stories of ordinary men and women in antebellum America (slaves, soldiers, artisans, and other working‐class people). It also explores how works of seafaring adventure by such popular writers as James Fenimore Cooper provided a market for memoirs by career sailors. The essay utilizes various kinds of sources to document the stories sailors told in their antebellum narratives. These include: pension, impressment, and prisoner‐of‐war records, ships’ muster books, and other institutional sources. It also builds on the historiography of antebellum seafaring life, especially works by Paul Gilje, Marcus Rediker, Margaret Creighton, and other scholars. The essay also utilizes works by both literary and historical scholars as well as cognitive psychologists to examine the legitimacy of using autobiographies as historical documents.     

Identity and borders: seventeenth-century Hungarian travellers in the West and the East

The survey discusses the identity and self-image of seventeenth-century Hungarian and Transylvanian travellers as conveyed through their travel texts. The cultural borders in the mental map of the travellers coincided with the eastern and south-eastern borders of Transylvania. They placed themselves in the same position as their Western European contemporaries. Although the general tone of their diaries was one of admiration, they did not make explicit comparisons to the disadvantages of their home. There are also some cases of criticism on a civilisational basis towards the West, which shows that the travellers felt that they were on equal grounds to the West. The few cases of auto-stereotypes also show that some travellers tended to reinforce even the negative stereotypes attributed to Hungarians in order to question the Western discourse which placed them on a lower grade on a scale of civilisation. Towards their Eastern neighbours, the travellers tended to use a condescending tone: qualities such as boorishness, lack of education and barbarity were attributed to Russians, Wallachians and Moldavians. The worst reputation belonged to the Ottomans: in their case, even if – in a very few cases – tolerance and understanding came into picture, there was no possibility of acceptance. Hungarian travellers only used the discourse of their own inferiority towards Western Europeans when it was a part of their political agenda – otherwise, they included themselves in the concept of the region, imagined on the basis of erudition and Latin education – which they more and more often called Europe.     

Exiles' strategies for lobbying in international organisations: Eastern European participation in the Nouvelles Équipes Internationales

European and international organisations after the Second World War united not only Western European politicians but also Eastern European exiles. The latter are often represented one‐sidedly: either as powerless members or as important trailblazers of future European unity. This article tries to analyse their role more systematically by means of the case of the Nouvelles Équipes Internationales, the Christian Democratic ‘International’. It states that exiles could sometimes exert influence on congress resolutions and opinion making, but they remained very dependent on the Western agenda and in fact they carried coals to Newcastle, as Christian Democracy presented itself as the opposite of communism. Moreover, it shows that most exiles very rarely expressed their disappointment concerning the limited efficiency of their actions, and in fact contented themselves with their recognition and presence. As a consequence, many possibilities for exile action were missed, as can be illustrated by exiles who aimed at more than the recognition of their legitimacy.     

The diversity continuum: Blurring the boundaries between internal and external others among Italian children of migrants

In recent years, studies on nations and nationalism have experienced a rapid growth prompted by the so-called ‘new nationalism’, which has been interpreted, in the Western world, as the product of white majorities and their anxiety towards a demographic change caused by international migration. This article switches focus and explores the impact of demographic change on the nation from the perspective of its non-white population. Using Italy as a case study, the article relies on the voices and online comments of young Italian adults with foreign backgrounds who, like their parents, are often perceived by the white nationalist rhetoric as in need of integration or assimilation. Data rely on 38 individual semi-structured interviews with representatives of ‘second generation’ associations (ReteG2, Associna, Giovani Musulmani d’Italia and Yallaitalia), as well as forums, blogs and videos posted on the webpages of these associations since their creation until June 2015. The article reveals how the existence of an internal other (the Southerner) is discursively mobilised by these young adults to question the ethno-racial unity of the nation and to draw a diversity continuum between their ascribed foreignness and the internal other. This discursive move allows children of migrants to justify their national belonging and to re-write the nation in relation rather than in opposition to alterity. The relevance of these findings is discussed in terms of the re-making of the nation in times of demographic change and the decline of white majorities.