古代“高考”中的“枪替”

＂枪替＂就是雇人代考,替人考试的人就叫＂枪手＂。 ＂枪替＂自唐朝开始出现,直至清末科举考试结束,1000多年来,从来就没有断绝过。可以这样说,它伴随着科举开始而开始,又伴随着科举结束而结束。     

宋代"牒试"制度论考

宋代士大夫普遍认为,"牒试"是天水一朝科举考试中最阴暗的角落,也是腐蚀读书人心智的罪魁祸首。该制度源自于"别头试",是指由转运司组织的对各地官员亲属、门客等的科举选拔考试,大体上相当于州军发解试。宋朝实行"牒试"制度的初衷是为了防范官员利用其手中的权力在地方科场中营私舞弊,但在实际操作过程中,"牒试"却逐渐演变成为政府对官员亲属的照顾和恩惠。因此,与其说"牒试"为防弊之策,倒不如说是官员特权的直接体现。就"牒试"制度而言,总体上还是比较严密的,按照规定,凡参加"牒试"者必须具备相应的资格,如须有关官员的担保,且必须是真正的官员亲属、门客,等等。然而,由于"牒试"录取比例远远高于普通举子参加的发解试,因而各地方官员为了给亲朋故旧谋取功名,往往假冒籍贯、亲属关系或门客,通过种种违法"经营",使那些本来不符合条件的举子具备了法定"牒试"资格。结果不仅加剧了两宋时期的冗官危机,导致严重的吏治腐败,而且扰乱了科场秩序,破坏了科举考试的严肃性和公正性,给宋代科场、官场乃至整个社会带来了难以估量的负面效应。     

"画蛇添足"与"画龙点晴"——修志杂谈

在当前修志中,遇到许多学术上的难题,其中之一是竖写志稿的"画蛇添足"与"画龙点睛"问题.本文试就此题谈点意见.     

谈先秦时期的"民"与"俗"

按照追本溯源的原则,弄清楚先秦时期“民”与“俗”的起源与概念等问题应当是很有意义的事情。不揣翦陋,试谈以下问题,以供专家参考。     

清末民初城市的"公共休闲"与"公共时间"

城市近代工商业的发展是市民生活城市化、社会化、公共化的自然要求和必然结果,是市民生活公共领域的重要组成部分,也为民间社团、学会活动及公众集会、演说、演出等公共活动提供了条件。这一时期群众性的政治活动和文化活动剧烈频繁的壮观局面,使人们思想交流和互动空前频繁,形成日益趋同的思想变革节奏和价值取向,成为清末民初政治鼎革的社会文化基础。这是近代公民社会公共领域所形成的社会文化效应。     

柳营试锋--"丝路花雨"杯将军书法展

~~柳营试锋——“丝路花雨”杯将军书法展     

新见"楚王酓恷"考释

<文物>最近刊发了香港中文大学张光裕先生的大作<新见楚式青铜器器铭试释>①(以下简称<试释>)一文,该文披露了崇源国际拍卖公司征集到的29件精美楚式青铜器,计有盘、(匝)各1,带盖升鼎7、鬲7、簋8、豆2、瓿1、方壶2,其中24件为有铭铜器.     

"绿"与"绿"

中日两国文化源远流长,在文化融合交汇的过程中,产生许多同形词.在这些同形词中必然存在异义词.本文所讨论的"绿"字,在中日两国语言中同时存在,其基本义相近,引申又有所不同.本文将从"绿"的基本义和引申义的解释和分析出发,试比较"绿"在现代中日两国语言中异同.     

从"缚牛扣饰"看滇国的斗牛活动

本文通过对滇青铜器中众多的“斗牛扣饰”、“缚牛扣饰”的研究,认为古滇国存在斗牛活动。古滇人是世界上最早举行斗牛活动的民族之一。从斗牛、缚牛再到祭祀是一个重要宗教活动的主流程。     

"容成"一说

"容成"钱曾由孙仲汇先生撰文于<中国钱币>2004年第二期介绍,考之为西汉武帝行五铢之前物,从书法风格的判断令人信服.至于是否容成侯唯徐庐所铸,窃以为不能无疑,试一言之.     

Cheating the Censor: Romanian Writers under Communism

Abstract

The Romanian Communist Party enjoyed considerable success in exploiting literature for its own ends. This article asks why those writers who challenged censorship were few in number, and why, even in the final year of Nicolae Ceau?escu’s rule, the chorus of protest was weak. Most Romanian writers failed to oppose censorship, and were deeply marked by it even when they believed that they were ‘cheating’ the censor. In some ways self-censorship proved to be more damaging to creativity than overt repression. The exceptions nevertheless comprise an important category, deserving examination and recognition. The fall of Communism in Romania has allowed a discussion of these themes to be more fully informed and to this end English translations of open letters from a number of writers are appended. Some of these were passed to the author for dissemination in 1989.     

上海私营金融业与"三反""五反"运动

"三反"五反"运动从经济、政治、思想诸方面对上海私营金融业所产生的影响都是前所未有的.正是在"三反"五反"中,私营金融业业务情况急转直下,传统市场迅速萎缩;资方受到极大的震慑,从业人士思想动摇;同业组织边缘化,无法正常运作."三反"五反"运动客观上加速了上海金融业由私营向公私合营转化的进程.上海私营金融业,作为一种行业,已经走到了历史的尽头.     

明建文二年殿试举行时间与参试人数考辨

在明代科举考试史上,由于政治上的原因,建文二年的殿试变得扑朔迷离,疑案在悬。三月初一日举行殿试,作为一项制度于洪武十七年推出后,在洪武朝后期得到了较好执行。建文二年三月初一日因有日食,殿试推至次日举行。参加该科殿试的贡士,除本年二月会试中式的109名新科贡士外,还包括洪武三十年的告殿贡士郭秩,总数应为110人。     

从跑马厅到人民公园人民广场:历史变迁与象征意义

Shanghai Racecourse was established at 1850, it was finally transformed into People's Park and People's Square in 1951. The Racecourse was originally just a simple recreational center. However, with the change of its own function and the trend of thought, it changed into a casino of cheating and murder, a place of discrimination against Chinese, a stage for the imperialists to show off their power and violence and a symbol of all evil things. The appeal to change the Racecourse echoed to the demand of opposing imperialism, taking back the concession, desire for civilization and democracy. From 1930s to 1950s, even though great change took place in the ruling party and the political power, there was an obvious continuity in the domain of thought and ideology. __________ Translated by Li Dan from the version submitted to the symposium of “Cultural succession and historical memory” held at Sichuan University, Oct. 17–18, 2007     

论清季学堂奖励出身制

科举制是古代中国之抡才制度,而新式学堂体制则是近代育才制度,两者在性质及功能上存在很大差异。清季科举制废除前后实行的学堂奖励出身制,将传统科举制之抡才制度与近代学堂之育才制度简单地作了错位嫁接。它实际上是传统的“学而优则仕”观念之延续,滋生并助长了“以学干禄”风气,强化了“官学一体化”格局,故受到有识之士的猛烈抨击。本文在考察清季学堂奖励出身之制度设计与具体实施情况的基础上,分析科举与学堂在性质及功能上的差异,揭示“学堂与仕进混合”、“抡才与育才并一”之制度设计的内在冲突,进而说明从传统科名奖励制经过学堂奖励出身制之过渡,而转向现代学术奖励制度的复杂性与必然性。     

现代性及其限度：民国文官考试制度平议

民国文官考试制度是一个传统与现代的混合体.其现代性主要体现为法制化程度的提高,平等性和开放性的增强,考试权的独立和考试内容的现代化.但是对经义考试的保留,对传统科举制考试程序的模仿,考试与任用的脱节,党治和军治色彩的存在,个人因素的干扰,派系势力的抗拒等,又使民国文官考试制度的现代性受到极大限制,难以发挥其应有的功效.     

From Racecourse to People’s Park and People’s Square: The historical changes and the symbolic meaning

Shanghai Racecourse was established at 1850, it was finally transformed into People’s Park and People’s Square in 1951. The Racecourse was originally just a simple recreational center. However, with the change of its own function and the trend of thought, it changed into a casino of cheating and murder, a place of discrimination against Chinese, a stage for the imperialists to show off their power and violence and a symbol of all evil things. The appeal to change the Racecourse echoed to the demand of opposing imperialism, taking back the concession, desire for civilization and democracy. From 1930s to 1950s, even though great change took place in the ruling party and the political power, there was an obvious continuity in the domain of thought and ideology.     

清代对科场关节作弊的防范与惩处

科场作弊与反作弊如同魔道竞斗,道高一尺,魔高一丈。关节作弊是科举时代隐蔽性最强的一种舞弊手段。本文主要依据清宫原始档案,披陈清代科场上关节作弊的诡秘与泛滥,阐释清政府为防范关节作弊而推出的一系列独特举措,进而透视清政府为打击关节作弊而制定的严厉的惩处律例。     

晚清议改科举新探

废除科举并非清统治者的初衷。迄道光至光绪,长达半个多世纪,议改科举的主流,多以讲求实学、增广科目、取材标准多样化为基本取向,希望以老树嫁接新枝的方法,激活科举制生机。朝臣疆吏们先后至少有18份以上要求增设科目的改革方案,正式奏呈清廷,最高执政者亦并多次谕令部院大臣讨论议复。由于整个统治集团的观念更新滞后,礼部等机构恪守夷夏之大防,阻挠变制,总理衙门鉴于反对派势大而采取等待姿态,经济特科的举办又一波三折,以虎头蛇尾告终,使得科举制失去了逐步内在更新的最佳时机,后起者不得不考虑除旧布新的彻底变革。     

评清末民初的留学生归国考试

留学生归国考试是介于废除科举和实施文官考试之间的一种独特的选拔人才形式。它不仅检验了早期留学活动,并且影响着留学生活动的规模与方向,推动了中国留学活动进入新的阶段。它不仅对科举制度进行了批判性的总结,并且为文官考试在形式与内容上树立了榜样,推动了中国新式铨选制度的建立。