基于仰韶水泥的砂岩石窟裂隙灌浆材料物理力学特性研究

为寻找适宜砂岩石窟岩体裂隙灌浆的材料,进行了基于仰韶水泥的砂岩石窟岩体裂隙灌浆材料室内筛选。研究表明,以烧料礓石为胶凝材料,以偏高岭土、石英砂为填料的浆液可作为砂岩石窟裂隙灌浆的初选材料。进一步试验表明,当浆液材料添加总质量10%膨胀剂后,最优的配比为烧料礓石、偏高岭土、石英砂以质量比1∶0.6∶0.4,最佳水灰比为0.5~0.6。针对该配比的灌浆材料开展物理力学特性测试及耐候性试验,结果表明,该种配比的浆液结石体除具有孔隙率大、收缩小、强度好的特点外,还具有较好的抵御温湿度循环、冻融循环及盐碱侵蚀等的能力,是一种较为适宜的砂岩石窟裂隙灌浆材料。研究结果也可为类似石窟岩体裂隙灌浆材料的选择作参考。     

海上丝绸之路窑址裂隙充填灌浆材料比选室内试验研究

对裂隙进行充填灌浆,可以有效防止裂隙的进一步发展和雨水的渗漏,使遗址得以更好地保存。为比选出适宜于潮湿环境下窑址裂隙充填灌浆材料,采用烧料礓石、烧阿嘎土、砺灰三种传统石灰材料分别对浙江和福建四处"海上丝绸之路"遗址点的遗址土进行改性研究。测试改性后浆体材料不同龄期的抗压、抗折强度、收缩率,以及温湿度循环、冻融循环、水稳定性、安定性、耐碱性试验后试样的力学性能变化。试验结果表明,三种石灰类材料均具有良好的耐候性,但砺灰试样的耐冻融特性稍差、龄期强度低、收缩变形较大。烧料礓石改性试样具有较高的龄期强度、较低的收缩率、良好的耐候性。因此,建议将烧料礓石作为主剂应用于四处窑址的灌浆材料中。相关研究成果对窑址裂隙灌浆材料的选取具有实际指导意义。     

聚丙烯纤维、偏高岭土和细砂对水硬石灰改性的研究

为改善水硬石灰的力学性能,适当提高其抗压与抗折强度,本工作设计并制备了添加不同配比的聚丙烯纤维、偏高岭土和细砂的水硬石灰,并对其力学强度,矿物成分和微观形貌进行试验研究。结果表明,单独添加30%偏高岭土、0.1%聚丙烯纤维或者50%石英砂的水硬石灰抗压强度相对较高。在偏高岭土-水硬石灰中,单独添加0.1%短长度聚丙烯纤维或者共同加入0.1%聚丙烯纤维和50%石英砂可以提高其长期抗压强度。添加聚丙烯纤维还可以提高水硬石灰抗折强度。钙铝水合物不稳定和长期抗压强度下降有关,添加1%聚丙烯纤维可以提高碳酸化反应。聚丙烯纤维还能够增大水硬石灰内部的摩擦力和锚固力。在南京市罗廊巷太平天国建筑壁画保护中,对于地仗层脱落部位的修补采用改性水硬石灰进行了局部应用,效果良好。     

中国古建筑中几种石灰类材料的物理力学特性研究

为探讨适宜于岩土文物保护加固的石灰类材料,对中国古建筑中几种石灰类材料及欧洲水硬石灰的化学组成和物理力学特性进行对比研究。研究表明烧料礓石、烧阿嘎土、欧洲水硬石灰NHL5及改性捶灰的化学组成主要是气硬性胶凝材料石灰CaO(或Ca(OH)2)和水硬性胶凝材料β-硅酸钙(β-CS)及铝硅酸钙(CAS),并且这些材料的结石体具有大的孔隙率及非常小的收缩变形性等特点,适宜于岩土文物的保护加固。除此之外,石灰、糯米灰浆、蛎灰、传统捶灰的主要化学组成为石灰CaO(或Ca(OH)2),实验研究结果显示,浆液的凝固速度慢,弹性波速小且上升速率慢,结石体虽然孔隙率大,但强度在短期内较低,易产生收缩变形,不适宜用于短时间内有强度要求的岩土文物保护加固,所以有必要对蛎灰和传统捶灰做进一步的改性研究,以便更广泛地应用于岩土文物的保护加固中。     

巩义双槐树仰韶房址地坪的原料与制作工艺研究

河南巩义双槐树遗址出土的仰韶时期房址地坪为研究该时期建筑技术与石灰类材料的制备工艺提供了重要材料。本文采用材质科技分析与模拟实验手段对其制作原料和工艺进行了研究。结果显示，双槐树地坪的化学成分和物相组成与遗址出土的料礓石制作的模拟样品相似，红外光谱分析则表明双槐树地坪经过人工烧制，温度约在500～600℃。综合以上信息，双槐树遗址先民通过在较低温度下烧制料礓石获取原料，将其粉碎后加入适量的水制成具有5cm以上厚度的地坪。经过埋藏过程中地下水的淋溶，地坪中形成了具有特征的碳酸钙团块结构。本研究显示双槐树遗址先民在制作地坪时未将料礓石煅烧成为石灰，在较低温度下加热的目的可能是使其更加容易破碎，并在一定程度上提升其浇水养护后的强度。     

水硬石灰在花山岩画加固保护中的应用研究

水硬石灰兼具石灰和水泥的优点,低收缩、耐盐、适中的抗压和抗折强度、水溶盐含量低,同时与传统的砖石建筑兼容性好,是一种天然、无污染、耐老化的无机材料。本工作针对花山岩画的开裂特点制订出相应的力学参数要求,配制出两种不同的水硬石灰砂浆,并对这两种砂浆的力学性能进行了分析。同时探讨了不同养护条件对水硬石灰砂浆拉拔强度的影响。现场试验结果说明,填补粘结材料可以提供一定的粘结强度,并且具有使用方便,污染小的特点,可用于花山岩画开裂岩体应急保护加固处理。     

天水大地湾遗址F901裂隙灌浆工艺试验研究

大地湾遗址是仰韶时期的重要遗存之一。在自然力作用下,墙体裂隙发育,局部剥离塌落,严重威胁着大地湾遗址F901的长久保存。本文以制作模拟试样筛选适合于遗址本体保护的加固材料和比例。通过干燥时间、抗压强度、线性收缩率、析水性试验等发现：料礓石改性土与当地土按1:10配比,具有较好的抗压强度,线性收缩率、干燥时间、析水性适宜,现场保护效果良好,为遗址保护材料筛选试验积累了经验,可为其他类似的保护修复提供参考和技术指导。     

新型土遗址修复加固材料试验研究

考虑到土遗址夯筑本体水敏性和稳定性较差的特性,以及长期受自然因素营力作用的影响,采取科学的修复材料补夯的措施可有效抑制土遗址本体残损的进一步发展。以河南地区典型粉砂土为研究对象,制备不同配比石灰-偏高岭土改良材料,研究其对基准土样强度性能的影响和微观机制,并对比分析水硬性石灰土。结果表明:对比NHL,综合考虑石灰-偏高岭土对基准土样击实特性、无侧限抗压强度和强度增长率的影响,采用6﹪-8﹪石灰+4﹪偏高岭土改良粉砂土,在强度特性方面达到了水硬性石灰的修复性能,实现了对粉砂土更好的改良效果。结合SEM发现,掺入偏高岭土后生成的水化产物,可联结土体颗粒、充填空隙,使改良土微观结构更加致密。     

北石窟寺表面防风化材料筛选

甘肃石窟分布广泛,洞窟大多开凿在砂岩上。在长期自然环境作用下,砂岩石窟表面风化严重,有部分区域甚至风化成砂土,砂岩石窟浅表层风化防治将成为重要的研究方向。本工作针对北石窟寺砂岩典型风化病害,选用0.5%羟甲基纤维素、5%砂岩加固材料、1.5%有机硅改性丙烯酸、1.5%丙烯酸、20%纳米SiO₂、10%正硅酸乙酯、3%PS共7种保护材料,基于室内试验测试这些材料的防风化性能,以加固前后宏观和微观特征进行定性描述,以色度、体积变化率、波速、表面硬度、抗压强度、透气性和吸水性作为加固定量评价指标,优选出砂岩加固材料、有机硅改性丙烯酸、纳米SiO₂、PS和正硅酸乙酯作为北石窟砂岩表面防风化加固建议材料。研究结果为北石窟寺砂岩质石窟表面防风化技术研发与应用积累了基础研究数据。     

罗汉堂周边及龙王庙沟洞窟裂隙灌浆材料试验研究

罗汉堂周边及龙王庙沟洞窟在自然和人为的影响下,产生了许多病害,其中裂隙病害不仅削弱了洞窟赋存岩体的强度及整体性,同时在外界环境的综合作用下加速了破碎岩体的风化。因此迫切需要采取裂隙灌浆的措施对其进行加固治理。选用偏高岭土作为主料,掺入少量的超细水泥,并使用碱激活剂,形成一种复合灌浆材料。通过室内试验研究灌浆材料的黏度(流动性)、收缩变形性、抗渗性及易溶盐含量等特性进行对比分析,初步筛选出适合罗汉堂周边及龙王庙沟洞窟的灌浆材料的配合比,并通过现场试验进行检测得到灌浆材料的最佳配合比。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.