韩非子的政治思想

韩非是先秦时期法家的极大成者,他总结了先秦法家各派的思想学说,提出以法、术、势三位一体的理论体系,他的思想学说和政治主张为建立专制主义的中央集权和封建政治提供了理论依据。同时他也具有历史进化的观点,批判了复古守旧的观点。《韩非子》思想是先秦思想史中的重要组成部分,共五十五篇。本文从经典原著出发,探究韩非子的政治思想及其现实意义,对于我们今天法治社会的建设有一定的借鉴意义。     

先秦儒家民本思想的逻辑发展

先秦儒家民本思想以周初的＂敬德保民＂思想为起源,经过孔子＂贵仁＂思想下的＂德治＂和＂重礼＂思想,发展为孟子的＂仁政＂思想,在此先秦儒家的民本思想达到了最高水平。尔后,荀子在＂隆礼＂的主张下对先秦儒家民本思想作了补充性的发展。     

先秦儒家法律思想中的“礼治”对当代法治建设的启示

儒家法律思想在我国法制思想史上的地位不言而喻。而“礼治”作为先秦儒家思想体系的核心内容之一,不仅是中国封建时期的法律思想的基石,影响着封建法律制度的构建,也因其历史上的功过对我国当代法治有所启示。本文在探讨先秦儒家法律思想中“礼治”思想的基础上,对当代法治如何正确对待传统“礼治”思想提出了几点建议。     

先秦儒家孝道思想及其当代价值

孝作为中华民族的传统美德是家庭这一社会的细胞、伦理实体的内容之一,其伦理建设在社会主义精神文明建设中具有独特的功能。本文从先秦儒家孝道思想的产生与发展入手,介绍了先秦儒家孝道思想的基本内涵,论述了先秦儒家孝道思想的时代价值。     

“调均贫富”与“斟酌贫富”──从孔子的“患不均”到唐代的“均平”思想

本文考察了先秦至唐代均平思想尤其是赋役均平思想及其措施的传承脉络,指出唐代统治阶级和农民阶级所谓“均平”,其思想来源和经济内容都基本相同,系承袭前代的“调均贫富”和“斟酌贫富”,即要求根据贫富差别相应承担不同的赋役负担。其宗旨是相对平均主义,而非绝对平均主义,因而具有一定历史合理性。     

先秦诸子民生思想研究

先秦诸子的民生思想反映了社会大变革时期民生凋敝的现实图景。他们的民生观虽然角度不同,但无不充满着对劳动人民的深切同情和关怀。道家的自然生态民生思想、儒家的重民民生思想、墨家的利民民生思想以及法家的法治民生思想分别代表了先秦诸子时代民生思想的主要特征。     

宏大关怀中的人性探幽——试述晁福林教授新世纪的学术历程

新世纪以来,晁福林教授先后出版了《先秦社会形态研究》《先秦社会思想研究》与《上博简〈诗论〉研究》三部著作。其中,《先秦社会形态研究》在继承近百年来先秦史研究之重要传统的基础上,正面回答了先秦时期的"社会形态"问题,不仅提出了新观点,更丰富了这一传统课题探讨的中层理论。《先秦社会思想研究》致力于探讨先秦时期的社会思想,既可以看作是其社会形态问题研究的逻辑发展,亦可以看作是在意识形态层面所开拓的社会形态研究的另一维度。《上博简〈诗论〉研究》以新出竹简文献为主要研究对象,以人之性情为出发点探讨孔子诗学的核心,考证详博,新见迭出。前两部作品体现了作者以宏大关怀贯穿具体史证的研究功力,后一部作品则反映了作者以人性人情为最终落脚点的关怀取向。晁福林教授新世纪以来的先秦史研究历程,对于坚守历史学的人文属性,坚持学术研究与人文关怀相结合的学科发展道路,具有重要的借鉴意义。     

论荀子礼法论框架下的孝道思想

荀子是先秦儒家思想的集大成者。荀子思想虽不以孝道而著名,但其从"性恶"的人性基础出发,把孝道思想纳入"礼"的道德范畴和"法"的制度范畴,形成了以礼法论为核心的孝道思想体系,这是对先秦儒家孝道思想的继承和发展。     

先秦诸子大同理想述评

尽管先秦思想家们对如何实现＂大同＂理想有各自不同的甚至是对立的主张,但他们都为描绘＂大同＂理想留下了耀眼的思想火花,在这个意义上,＂大同＂理想作为先秦诸子共同的思想基础成了先秦哲学的精髓。＂大同＂社会和柏拉图的理想国在具体社会构造上有着明显差异,但两者在基本原则上的一致也相当明显的。理想社会模式在先秦诸子看来是经验世界的精华积聚,在柏拉图眼中则是一个来源于绝对的先验世界。在论述完善大同理想的思想历程中,先秦思想家们也陷入了两难境地,理论体系的内在矛盾逐步凸现出来。     

古史儒化现象探析——以井田制、禅让制为中心

先秦儒家以古史传说为基础,形成了一系列有关先秦古史的思想学说。经过逐世层累,一些传说被当成历史事实,儒家的相关主张也对秦汉以来的中国历史产生重大影响。剥开儒化古史,可窥见先秦古史的本来面目;透过儒化古史,先秦儒家的思想特质亦可得以展现。剖析古史儒化现象既可寓儒学思想研究于古史之中,也可为我国文明起源与早期国家研究开辟新路。     

Multiplex Network Analysis for Complex Governance Systems Using Surveys and Online Behavior

Text analysis, web scraping, and other computational techniques enable policy network researchers to efficiently obtain objective measures of network connections. However, the extent to which these observational methods differ from traditional survey instrument‐based measures remains an open question. Focusing on a large regional policy network of 221 organizations, this study compares a measure of collaboration generated via survey instrument to two different measures based upon internet hyperlinks and Twitter interactions between network actors. We address two questions: (1) To what extent do objective network measures based upon observed online interactions and subjective measures based upon self‐reported relationships reveal the same inter‐organizational partnerships and structural network dynamics? and (2) How useful are online network measures for supplementing survey‐based network measures? We find a significant, but substantively small, correlation between survey‐based measures and online interactions. Thus, online network measures may complement survey‐based measures, but likely reflect different aspects of the overall policy network. We conclude by discussing the potential for multiplex measures of policy networks that draw upon multiple measures to more fully understand policy network landscapes. These results bridge and help to contextualize prior work on policy network measures and virtual policy networks within the broader context of complex governance systems.     

Exploring Spatial Patterns Using an Expanded Spatial Autocorrelation Framework

Spatial autocorrelation (SA) is regarded as an important dimension of spatial pattern. SA measures usually consist of two components: measuring the similarity of attribute values and defining the spatial relationships among observations. The latter component is often represented by a spatial weights matrix that predefines spatial relationship between observations in most measures. Therefore, SA measures, in essence, are measures of attribute similarity, conditioned by spatial relationship. Another dimension of spatial pattern can be explored by controlling observations to be compared based upon the degree of attribute similarity. The resulting measures are spatial proximity measures of observations, meeting predefined attribute similarity criteria. Proposed measures reflect degrees of clustering or dispersion for observations meeting certain levels of attribute similarity. An existing spatial autocorrelation framework is expanded to a general framework to evaluate spatial patterns and can accommodate the proposed approach measuring proximity. Analogous to the concept of variogram, clustergram is proposed to show the levels of spatial clustering over a range of attribute similarity, or attribute lags. Specific measures based on the proposed approach are formulated and applied to a hypothetical landscape and an empirical example, showing that these new measures capture spatial pattern information not reflected by traditional spatial autocorrelation measures.     

ADDITIVE-RATIO MEASURES OF INTERACTMTY IN INPUT-OUTPUT SYSTEMS

ABSTRACT. A general axiomatic framework is developed for analyzing alternative measures of interactivity between the sectors of a given activity system (such as the industrial sectors of an economy). Within this overall framework, we analyze an ordinal class of additive-ratio measures which has been applied to a wide variety of systems, including both economic and ecological systems of activities. Our main result is to show that such measures can be characterized by four interactivity axioms. In addition, a wide variety of alternative measures are compared to additive-ratio measures in terms of this axiom system.     

An information-theoretic approach to the analysis of location and colocation patterns

The study of location and colocation of economic activities lies at the heart of economic geography and related disciplines, but the indices used to quantify these patterns are often defined ad hoc and lack a clear statistical foundation. We propose a statistical framework to quantify location and colocation associations of economic activities using information-theoretic measures. We relate the resulting measures to existing measures of revealed comparative advantage, localization, specialization, and coagglomeration and show how different measures derive from the same general framework. To support the use of these measures in hypothesis testing and statistical inference, we develop a Bayesian estimation approach to provide measures of uncertainty and statistical significance of the estimated quantities. We illustrate this framework in an application to an analysis of location and colocation patterns of occupations in US cities.     

The effects of sample size on some derived measures in vertebrate faunal analysis

Analysis of three kinds of measures derived from archaeological and palaeontological faunal collections (measures of relative taxonomic abundance, measures of taxonomic diversity, and a measure proposed to distinguish natural from cultural bone) demonstrates that in many instances such measures may be, or are, a function of sample size. A procedure for detecting this situation is suggested, and the source of the interrelationships discussed.     

Measuring the Structure of Road Networks

Spatial networks display both topologic and geometric variations in their structure. This study investigates the measurement of a road network structure. Existing measures of heterogeneity, connectivity, accessibility, and interconnectivity are reviewed and three supplemental measures are proposed, including measures of entropy, connection patterns, and continuity. The proposed measures were applied to 16 test networks, which were derived from four idealized base networks: 90°, 45°, 30°, and completely connected. The results show that the differentiated structures of road networks can be evaluated by the measure of entropy; predefined connection patterns of arterial roads can be identified and quantified by the measures of ringness, webness, beltness, circuitness, and treeness. A measure of continuity evaluates the quality of a network from the perspective of travelers. Proposed measures could be used to describe the structural attributes of complicated road networks quantitatively, to compare different network structures, and to explore the structural evolution of networks in the spatial and temporal context. These measures can find application in urban planning and transportation practice.     

Space-Time and Integral Measures of Individual Accessibility: A Comparative Analysis Using a Point-based Framework

Conventional integral measures of accessibility, although valuable as indicators of place accessibility, have several limitations when used to evaluate individual accessibility. Two alternatives for overcoming some of the difficulties involved are explored in this study. One is to adapt these measures for evaluating individual accessibility using a disaggregate, nonzonal approach. The other is to develop different types of measures based on an alternative conceptual framework. To pursue the former alternative, this study specifies and examines eighteen gravity-type and cumulative-opportunity accessibility measures using a point-based spatial framework. For the latter option, twelve space-time accessibility measures are developed based on the construct of a prism-constrained feasible opportunity set. This paper compares the relationships and spatial patterns of these thirty measures using network-based GIS procedures. Travel diary data collected in Columbus, Ohio, and a digital data set of 10,727 selected land parcels are used for all computation. Results of this study indicate that space-time and integral indices are distinctive types of accessibility measures which reflect different dimensions of the accessibility experience of individuals. Since space-time measures are more capable of capturing interpersonal differences, especially the effect of space-time constraints, they are more “gender sensitive” and helpful for unraveling gender/ethnic differences in accessibility. An important methodological implication is that whether accessibility is observed to be important or different between individuals depends heavily on whether the measure used is capable of revealing the kind of differences the analyst intends to observe.     

A NOTE ON NEIGHBORHOOD SIZE AND THE MEASUREMENT OF SEGREGATION INDICES*

This note examines neighborhood segregation measures with respect to size and validity. Conventional measures, while related to within-neighborhood homogeneity, are not necessarily related to neighborhood size. An empirical test examines racial segregation for Baltimore in 1970 and 1980 using both census tract and specially formulated neighborhood aggregates. For both years, and for all measures of segregation, the values and trends are essentially unchanged by the level of aggregation.     

Measuring Space-Time Accessibility Benefits within Transportation Networks: Basic Theory and Computational Procedures

Accessibility is a fundamental but often neglected concept in transportation analysis and planning. Three complementary views of accessibility have evolved in the literature. The first is the constraints-oriented approach, best implemented by Hägerstrand's space-time prisms. The second perspective follows a spatial interaction framework and derives “attraction-accessibility measures” that compare destinations' attractiveness with the travel costs required. A third approach measures the benefit provided to individuals by the transportation/land-use system. This paper reconciles the three complementary approaches by deriving space-time accessibility and benefit measures that are consistent with the rigorous Weibull axiomatic framework for accessibility measures. This research also develops computational procedures for calculating these measures within network structures. This provides realistic accessibility measures that reflect the locations, distances, and travel velocities allowed by an urban transportation network. Since their computational burdens are reasonable, they can be applied at the urban scale using a GIS.     

环境管制措施对区域环境与贸易的约束效应

环境管制是指各国在国际贸易中为了实现环境与贸易的协调关系,以环保为目的而采取的贸易限制措施,主要包括课征环境进口附加税、限制或禁止进出口、推行国内加工和生产方法、实行环境标志制度、政府环境补贴等5种类型。本文总结了在全球化背景下环境管制措施产生的原因及施行内容,在此基础上就其对区域环境与贸易的约束效应做了分析,旨在为我国突破"绿色壁垒"提供警示和借鉴。