从袁枚佚札佚文看《随园诗话》版本及刻书时间

本文介绍了袁枚致山东著名诗人李宪乔的两通佚札(其中一通为亲笔手迹原件)和袁枚佚文《星湖诗集序》。两佚札和佚文对研究袁枚生平、著述、交友诸方面颇有价值。我们据此考证,确定了《随园诗话》的最早版本,弄清了《随园诗话》两个重要版本的刊刻时间,纠正了过去的模糊认识,解开了《随园诗话》版本问题的百年之谜。     

胡开文墨业考

本以新近公布的墨品实物和献资料对胡开墨业的开创、发展和特点进行了考察。并指出“徽墨”将和中国书画艺术一起流芳百世的趋势。     

七百年滇黔驿道考

黔驿道始建于元至元二十八年,非庄蹯、奢香所建。该驿道开通以后即成为中央王朝内陆边防的生命线。贵州建省的主要目的是保此一线以通云南。     

阮元与《兰亭序》

阮元是书法史上真正意义上否定《兰亭序》的第一人,阮元否定《兰亭序》的思想渊源及动机,是以否定《兰亭序》来动摇二王在书法史上的权威地位,为在二王之外另辟新境寻找理论支撑。他的兰亭观始终与南北分派及碑学思想交织在一起,成为他书学思想的一个重要组成部分。阮元否定《兰亭序》的论据虽然不足,但却为清代碑学的兴起起到了推波助澜的作用。     

“天目瓷”之谜初探

文章以考古发掘资料为依据,对瓷器史上争论纷杂的“天目瓷”名称内涵及器物类别作了新的考证。     

Agricultural reclamation policy and environmental changes in the northwest China during the Qing dynasty

Northwest China, including the provinces of Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, and a small part of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region, was not only one of the earliest developed areas in history, but also one of the most ecologically fragile belts. The traditionally sustainable land reclamation and cultivation policies for the development of an agricultural economy adopted and implemented in administrations during different periods of the Qing dynasty, greatly raised farming and stock production. However, this led to imbalances in the originally fragile ecological environment. The negative effects such as rapidly expanding desertification, worsening water and soil erosions, increased cost of production, enlarged investment, vicious cycles and failing economy can serve as a lesson for contemporary development. __________ Translated from: Qingshi Yanjiu 清史研究 (Studies in Qing History), No. 1, 2004     

试论金元时期的北方经济

金元时期北方地区虽久经战争的摧残,但很快得到恢复。大部分地区尤其是东部在以往经济发达、技术先进的基础上,通过勤奋劳作和改进生产力,经济状况良好。粮食、桑麻、纺织、冶铁、煤炭、商业等方面仍呈发展势头,又强化了官营手工业、畜牧业等优势。金元时期的北方经济并未随经济重心南移而衰落,仍是发展着的经济,并曾繁荣昌盛,某些方面不亚于甚至超过南方。     

圆明园如园延清堂遗址局部勘探所获建筑材料的评价及其保护建议

圆明园位于北京西郊海淀,是清朝帝王在150余年间创建和经营的一座大型皇家宫苑,在世界园林史上有着非常重要的地位。本研究以如园延清堂基址为示范点,逐步探索如何对圆明园进行保护而做的一些基础工作。此次调查布置人工探查点4个,具体揭露延清堂基址的部分基础形式,并对揭露的三合土地基进行单轴抗压试验,提供三合土地基的天然单轴抗压强度及饱和单轴抗压强度,最后对不同深度的单轴抗压强度对比分析,结果表明大理岩条石作为文物有灭失的可能,应当重点进行保护;三合土地基上部及下部单轴抗压强度较低,中部单轴抗压强度较高,暴露于地表的三合土也急需保护。     

罗田蔡家湾元代砖室墓发掘简报

蔡家湾墓地是湖北首次发现的有明确纪年的带壁龛元代砖室墓,可分为北、中、南三室,人字形尖顶结构较为罕见。墓室底部及壁龛内出土了陶瓶、陶罐、瓷豆、瓷碗、陶碟、铁剪刀等17件重要遗物,为研究元代葬俗和南方制瓷工艺提供了重要的实物资料。     

论清代东北地区的厅

清代东北地区先后设置了理事厅、抚民厅,以及直隶厅,制度演变十分复杂。本文在制度分析的视野下,结合个案,考察东北地区厅制的发展脉络及特征。     

清代及民国时期西藏地方的丹达神崇拜

本对丹达神崇拜的产生、发展、衰落过程作了考述。认为丹达神源于清乾隆十八年入藏的云南参军彭元辰殉职于丹达山。后这一崇拜为清朝倡导,遂向拉萨、成都及康藏交通线传播;至辛亥革命位于拉萨和成都的丹达神庙才逐渐废弃,而边坝的神庙香火一直持续到20世纪30年代中期。     

Early modern or late imperial philology? The crisis of classical learning in eighteenth century China

The discourses of classical scholars during the eighteenth century reinforced a shift from Song-Ming rationalism to a more skeptical and secular classical empiricism. By making precise scholarship the source of acceptable knowledge, Qing classicists contended that the legitimate reach of ancient ideals should be reevaluated through comparative delineation of the textual sources from which all such knowledge derived. This turn to empirically based classical inquiry meant that abstract ideas and rational argumentation gave way as the primary objects of elite discussion to concrete facts, verifiable institutions, ancient natural studies, and historical events. In general, Qing classicists regarded Song and Ming “Learning of the Way” as an obstacle to verifiable truth because it discouraged further inquiry along empirical lines. The empirical approach to knowledge they advocated placed proof and verification at the heart of analysis of the classical tradition. During this time, scholars and critics also applied historical analysis to the official Classics. Classical commentary yielded to textual criticism and a “search for evidence” to refortify the ancient canon. Representing a late imperial movement in Confucian letters, Qing classicists still sought to restore the classical vision. The early modern power of their philology, however, yielded the forces of decanonization and delegitimation as modernist trends, which went beyond the intellectual limits they had imposed on their own writings.     

清代东北八旗界官研究

清代东北地区基层社会的官制,长期具有"旗民分治"的特点。在各处八旗驻防地,尽管八旗制度长期存在,但在八旗制度内部,为应对旗人越旗居住、耕种,以及同一村屯内旗民杂处等若干新问题,各地方旗署将驻防地的村屯按照地域划分成若干界,拣选在旗当差的佐领、防御及世职云骑尉等,委为一界之界官,专办管界内的各项差务。清代东北各八旗驻防地的界官名称不同,设置时间不一,所司职责呈现一定的时空差异,但其旗界内基层承管官的角色不曾改变。界官所承办差务繁杂,主要是维护管界内的社会治安,承办界内旗民人等的涉农事务,督倡本界旗民的风俗教化等。东北地区的八旗界官,在咸丰至同治年间发展到鼎盛时期,自同治朝以降的同光宣三朝,因民治地方官的增设,练、防军及乡团练勇的募练,尤其是光绪末年至宣统年间四乡巡警的创办,八旗界官的职权被分割,因而迅速走向衰亡,但其作为清代东北八旗驻防地区基层行政官制演进中重要一环的地位无可替代。     

礼法与俗尚:清代徽州女性葬礼再探

从民间文献中可以窥探清代徽州地区女性葬礼过程。葬礼中普遍存在着宗教信仰和堪舆风水观念,体现了传统文化的多元化和包容性。葬礼中礼俗交融极深,违礼越制成为一种常态性现象,礼法不断被突破而向俗尚靠拢,体现出了鲜明的地方特色。     

西风吹拂下的晚清民国艺术

晚清民国,中国艺术处于前所未有的历史转型时期。这一时期的艺术是西风吹拂下的艺术,是中西杂陈、新旧交并的艺术,西方艺术的写实主义被引入作为革新旧艺术的利器。20世纪中叶由于社会原因,中国艺术又从写实主义过渡到现实主义。处于这一时期的艺术家,关注社会,心系国家,把艺术革新跟社会革新、跟国家的命运紧密联系起来。而这一切,都是因为"内外交困",这一切也都是因为"内外交合"。     

光绪时期盛京围场捕牲定制的困境

盛京围场自清初设置后,从资源环境基础出发,制定了一套严密制度,“捕牲贡鲜”是盛京围场的主要职责。至光绪年间,因人12增加后的偷牲私砍以及逐渐展开的放垦围场,使得鹿群存活量急剧减少,捕牲制度陷入被动尴尬的困境。尽管清廷多方设法加以调整,但终致无鹿可捕,捕牲定制难以执行,围场放垦。     

清代杭州灵隐书藏及经藏考略

本文考证了清代杭州灵隐书藏及经藏情况,高度评价了这些藏书和藏经在学术史和文化史上的意义。     

The late Qing “national language” issue and monolingual systems: Focusing on political diplomacy

ABSTRACT

Established as a multiethnic and multilingual empire, the Qing dynasty used Manchu, Chinese, and other languages in its government. Influenced by nationalism, the court attempted to establish Manchu as the “national language.” Yet over time, the “national language movement” resulted in Chinese being adopted as the “national language.” Occurring in the twilight years of the Qing, this transition reflected the moribund fate of the Qing empire against the rising tide of Chinese nationalism at the turn of the twentieth century.