Still the English patient? Closures and inventions in the English school

Books reviewed in this article:
Barry Buzan and Richard Little, International systems in world history: remaking the study of International
Tim Dunne, Inventing international society: a history of the English school
V, The global covenant: human conduct in a world of states
Maurice Keens-Soper, Europe in the world: the persistence of power politics     

Faith, history and Martin Wight: the role of religion in the historical sociology of the English school of International Relations

Martin Wight is responsible for one of the English school's most distinctive features: the historical sociology of different international systems demonstrating the importance of world history for the study of International Relations. Because of Wight's influence, the English school was, from the beginning, concerned with the role of religion, culture and civilization in international society. This emphasis, particularly with regard to the role of religion, has been marginalized in the English school's current research programme. This is unfortunate because, despite a renewed interest in the English school, the kind of questions Wight asked about religion, culture and identity have become some of the most important in the study of IR. This article examines the role of religion in Wight's international theory, which cannot be separated from the fact that he was a devout Anglican throughout his life. There was a relationship between his personal faith and his understanding of religion's role in international relations that previous scholars have not examined. When these two aspects of Wight's faith and life are brought together, there is both a better sense of continuity between his early life as a Christian pacifist and his later years as a teacher and scholar of IR, and a better recognition of what his distinctive approach to religion brought to the study of International Relations.     

世界历史、英国学派与国际关系理论

针对当前西方国际关系理论在解释现实和预测未来上的混乱和无力,作者提出理解过去成为重构国际关系研究的前提;并且在介绍和评论沃尔兹、吉尔平等为代表的现实主义世界史观和沃勒斯坦世界史观的联系与区别之后,对世界历史中国际力量的结构提出了新的证据,尤其着重介绍了英国学派国际体系和国际社会概念的缘起、演化及理论家们的批判。虽然本文作者即是当前英国学派的代表人物之一,但他并不避讳英国学派在理论上的缺憾,指出巴里·布赞构建在没有共同文化的条件下国际体系也可以转化为国际社会理论框架同时,关闭了一个布尔曾经试图打开的空间。作者认为在解读国际社会的世界历史方面还有很多课题需要深入探讨。     

英国学派与世界历史研究

在英国学派研究方法中,历史占有重要地位,英国学派依托世界历史在研究方面取得了很大的成就,英国学派也成为历史学和国际关系学的桥梁。根据英国学派的核心概念"国际社会",提出了"首要制度"的概念,这个概念是英国学派对界定国际社会和阐释世界历史变迁标准的一个特殊贡献。首要制度是国际社会的深刻的、不断演化而来的社会结构,包括主权、外交、民族主义、殖民主义以及国际法等。次要制度与之不同,它是被国际关系学的自由主义(制度主义)者所研究的一种建构的、工具性的制度和国际组织。在定义首要制度及其如何产生、发展和消亡后,人们就可以进而关注由它们衍生出来的几种不同类型的国际社会。在此基础上,英国学派以首要制度的变迁为基准,对现代国际社会进行一个简明的世界历史意义上的叙述。最后,反思了全球国际社会的理念和更趋于核心—边缘的现实结构之间的张力,在这种核心—边缘结构中,西方核心和其他各种区域性的国际社会共享各种制度和存有各种分歧。     

近十年来美英两国学术界冷战史研究述评

冷战主宰了20世纪后半期的国际政治。在后冷战时期,许多国家的学者利用新获得的档案资料来仔细考察和重新评估冷战史。自从冷战国际史项目于1991年在伍德罗.威尔逊国际学者中心建立以来,冷战国际史这一概念,已经被广为接受。根据相关英文文献,对过去十年美英两国冷战史研究新发展、新动向以及冷战史研究现状,做一总结归纳。主要涉及以下几个方面:美国的主要冷战研究中心、研究冷战的资料来源和新的研究方法、学者们关注的热点问题及最新研究成果的介绍、英国冷战研究概况等。     

The Legacy of Ian Hunter's Work on Literature Education and the History of Reading Practices: Some Preliminary Remarks

Summary

Ian Hunter's early work on the history of literature education and the emergence of English as school subject issued a bold challenge to traditional accounts that have in the main focused on English either as knowledge of a particular field or as ideology. The alternative proposal put forward by Hunter and supported by detailed historical analysis is that English exists as a series of historically contingent techniques and practices for shaping the self-managing capacities of children. The challenge for the field is to advance this historical work and to examine possible implications for English teaching.     

World government and empire: the international historian as theorist

International history and International Relations have long been held separate, partly by misunderstanding and partly by mistrust. Three recent books, Marc Trachtenberg's Craft of international history , Paul Kennedy's The parliament of man and Niall Ferguson's The war of the world , suggest that the divide between history and theory is not as severe as it sometimes appears. This review article examines, through the histories of Kennedy and Ferguson, Trachtenberg's insistence that historians should be more attentive to the 'conceptual cores' of their work and that theorists should become better historians than they have been hitherto. It concludes by arguing that, in methodological terms at least, history and theory are not the distinct enterprises they are commonly taken to be.     

Book reviews

Books reviewed in this issue. International Relations theory Guide to the English School in international studies. Edited by Cornelia Navari and Daniel M. Green. The triumph of democracy and the eclipse of the West. By Ewan Harrison and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell. Empires without imperialism: Anglo‐American decline and the politics of deflection. By Jeanne Morefield. Bringing sociology to International Relations: world politics as differentiation theory. Edited by Mathias Albert, Barry Buzan and Michael Zürn. International organization, law and ethics Sovereignty and the responsibility to protect: a new history. By Luke Glanville. The endtimes of human rights. By Stephen Hopgood. Conflict, security and defence Men at war: what fiction tells us about conflict, from the Iliad to Catch‐22. Christopher Coker. Nuclear weapons counterproliferation: a new grand bargain. By Jack I. Garvey. The fog of peace: the human face of conflict resolution. By Gabrielle Rifkind and Giandomenico Picco. Clausewitz's timeless trinity: a framework for modern war. By Colin M. Fleming. Governance, civil society and cultural politics The national interest in question: foreign policy in multicultural societies. By Christopher Hill. Women of the world: the rise of the female diplomat. By Helen McCarthy. Racisms: from the crusades to the twentieth century. By Francisco Bethencourt. International history The US, the UN and the Korean war: communism in the Far East and the American struggle for hegemony in the Cold War. By Robert Barnes. Britain's Korean war: Cold War diplomacy, strategy and security 1950–53. By Thomas Hennessey. British diplomacy and US hegemony in Cuba, 1898–1964. By Christopher Hull. Europe The uncertain legacy of crisis: European foreign policy faces the future. By Richard Youngs. EU foreign policy and crisis management operations: power, purpose and domestic politics. By Benjamin Pohl. Unhappy union: how the euro crisis—and Europe—can be fixed. By John Peet and Anton la Guardia. Politics in contemporary Portugal: democracy evolving. By José M. Magone. Is the EU doomed? By Jan Zielonka. Inside Greek terrorism. By George Kassimeris. Russia and Eurasia Presidential decrees in Russia: a comparative perspective. By Thomas F. Remington. Revolutionary Russia, 1891–1991: a history. By Orlando Figes. State erosion: unlootable resources and unruly elites in Central Asia. By Lawrence P. Markowitz. Fear, weakness and power in the post‐Soviet South Caucasus. By Kevork Oskanian. Middle East and North Africa Libya: history and revolution. By Richard A. Lobban, Jr and Christopher H. Dalton. Sub‐Saharan Africa Civic agency in Africa: arts of resistance in the 21st century. Edited by Ebenezer Obadare and Wendy Willems. Routledge handbook of Africa's international relations. Edited by Tim Murithi. Colonialism and violence in Zimbabwe: a history of suffering. By Heike I. Schmidt. South Asia The wrong enemy: America in Afghanistan 2001–2014. By Carlotta Gall. Military adaptation in Afghanistan. Edited by Theo Farrell, Frans Osinga and James A. Russell. East Asia and Pacific By all means necessary: how China's resource quest is changing the world. By Elizabeth C. Economy and Michael Levi. Spoiling Tibet: China and resource nationalism on the roof of the world. By Gabriel Lafitte. North Korea: state of paranoia. By Paul French. North America The end of the American world order. By Amitav Acharya. Oxford encyclopedia of American military and diplomatic history. Edited by Paul S. Boyer, Timothy J. Lynch, David Milne, Christopher McKnight Nichols and Danielle M. Holtz. Latin America and Caribbean Brazil: the troubled rise of a global power. By Michael Reid. Suriname in the long twentieth century: domination, contestation, globalization. By Rosemarijn Hoefte.     

中专英语教学探讨

当前中专英语教学现状不容乐观。造成这一现状的原因是多方面的。文章就中专学校的生源及其素质、中专学校英语教师的素质与水平及中专学校对英语教学的态度等三个方面的因素对中专英语教学的影响阐述自己的观点并提出了提高英语教学质量的对策。     

International History and International Relations Theory: A Dialogue Beyond the Cold War

Until recently, there has been little 'real' dialogue in Cold War studies between International Relations theorists and international historians. In many ways this is not surprising. For the most part, International Relations theorists took the Cold War as an immutable feature of the international system. Historians did indeed seek to explain the outbreak of the Cold War and the historic features that had given rise to American hegemony and Soviet opposition, but they did so primarily by concentrating largely on archival and related research with only limited attention given to the bigger issues of the Cold War world. However, as the article demonstrates, a dialogue between historians and theorists over some key aspects of the Cold War, such as the role of ideology, is now timely. The evolution of both a broader conception of International History, as well as the partial opening of communist archives and a range of new developments in International Relations, means that it is now possible to 'rethink' the Cold War using both history and International Relations theory.     

社会变革与学术流派:当代英国马克思主义史学渊源综论

以霍布斯鲍姆和汤晋森等人为代表的英国马克思主义史学派,是20世纪国际史学中重要的一个史学派别。在社会变革与学术流派间相互关系的总体框架下,从学派形成的历史条件及学派发展的国际思潮背景着眼,可以清楚地看到英国马克思主义史学渊源的大体脉络。该学派形成与发展的重要学术前提,在于西方新史学与马克思主义史学之间的交互作用和互动机制,而学派奠立及其学术创新的背景层级,则依赖于当时国内外的社会政治、社会心理思潮和学术文化机制等重要社会环境资源。另外,英国传统史学理论与方法论体系对英国马克思主义历史学产生了至关重要的影响。     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed in this article:
English maps: a history Catherine Delano-Smith and Roger J P Kain
Cultural turns/geographical turns: perspectives on cultural geography Ian Cook, David Crouch, Simon Naylor and James Ryan
Moral geographies: ethics in a world of difference David M Smith     

Book reviews

Books reviewed in this issue. International Relations theory Hegemony in international society. The problem of harm in world politics: theoretical investigations. The invention of International Relations theory: Realism, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the 1954 conference on theory. International law, human rights and ethics The last utopia: human rights in history. International law, security and ethics: policy challenges in the post‐9/11 world. International organization and foreign policy Humanitarianism contested: where angels fear to tread. Humanitarian intervention: a history. The future of power. A contest for supremacy: China, America, and the struggle for mastery in Asia. Conflict, security and defence Military Orientalism: eastern war through western eyes. Governance, civil society and cultural politics Women under Islam: gender, justice and the politics of Islamic law. Political economy, economics and development Global poverty: how global governance is failing the poor. Global governance, poverty and inequality. Energy, resources and environment China, oil and global politics. China's energy relations with the developing world. The Routledge handbook of energy security. Food security. History Berlin 1961: Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the most dangerous place on earth. Who killed Hammarskjöld? The UN, the Cold War and white supremacy in Africa. Documents on British policy overseas, series I, volume IX: The Nordic countries: from war to Cold War, 1944–1951. All hell let loose: the world at war 1939–45. Europe The US–EU security relationship: the tensions between a European and a global agenda. Cultures of border control: Schengen and the evolution of European frontiers. Immigration and conflict in Europe. Les diplomates: derrière la façade des ambassades de France. Civic and uncivic values: Serbia in the post‐Milosevic era. Russia and Eurasia Popular support for an undemocratic regime: the changing views of Russians. Middle East and North Africa The Arab revolution: ten lessons from the democratic uprising. Iran, the Green Movement and the USA: the fox and the paradox. The other side of the mirror: an American travels through Syria. Sub‐Saharan Africa Season of rains: Africa in the world. Inventing Africa: history, archaeology and ideas. South Africa pushed to the limit: the political economy of change. Oil and insurgency in the Niger Delta: managing the complex politics of petroviolence. Consuming the Congo: war and conflict minerals in the world's deadliest place. South Asia Does the elephant dance? Contemporary Indian foreign policy. Religion, caste and politics in India. Secularizing Islamists? Jama'at‐e‐Islami and Jama'at‐ud‐Da'wa in urban Pakistan. The wrong war: grit, strategy, and the way out of Afghanistan. East Asia and Pacific Where China meets India: Burma and the new crossroads of Asia. China in 2020: a new type of superpower. From Mao to market: China reconfigured. Latin America and Caribbean The rise of Evo Morales and the MAS. From rebellion to reform in Bolivia: class struggle, indigenous liberation, and the politics of Evo Morales. Evo Morales and the Movimiento al Socialismo in Bolivia: the first term in context, 2006–2010. Latin America and global capitalism: a critical globalization perspective. Latin American foreign policies: between ideology and pragmatism.     

Nations Unchained: Revolution,Empire, and the Collapse of the Westphalian Order

I examine transformations of “world orders,” of the basic norms governing relations between powers and between powers and peoples. I present three historical transformations of the world order: First, the transformation at the end of the eighteenth century of the Westphalian or Vattelian order in Europe based on the equality of states and the balance of power, into a world order based on nationalism and imperialism. Second, the transformation in the aftermath of World War II in which imperial domination was rejected, national self-determination affirmed, and territorial acquisition by force outlawed (what I call “1945 rules”). Third, the present collapse of 1945 rules in the face of the Russian invasion of the Ukraine and the annexation of Crimea. I assess these transformations with help from Nicholas Onuf and the English School of International Relations.     

世界历史教学的挑战

当今,无论在研究领域还是教学领域,世界历史都成为最重要的议题之一。人们可以真切地感受到有关世界体系的历史研究取得了长足发展。这一新趋势削弱了传统的中、小学历史教学,传统历史教学建立在种族中心主义方法基础之上,被民族国家用于加强民族集体认同（通常与其他国家相对立）。与此相反,新的世界历史教学可以被视为一种开展不同文化间教育和加强世界主义的手段。这里建议世界历史课程计划以概念、空间和时间这三重框架为基础。概念框架集中于两个主题：人类社会的演进及其相互交往;空间框架可以持续利用与主题有关的球体投影图来展示;时间框架由基于9个时代的历史分期连接起来,另附一个时期论述未来前景。     

Missionaries of the Millennium: Israelite Preachers in the English‐Speaking World, 1823–1863

This article recovers the global history of the English millennial religion of Southcottianism. After Joanna Southcott died in 1814, leaving thousands of English followers still expecting the millennium that she prophesied, elements of her movement generated further prophets and a dynamic missionary division known as “Israelite Preachers.” From the 1820s onwards, these preachers took Southcott's ideas and new doctrines developed by her successor, John Wroe, throughout the British Isles, then the English‐speaking world, most notably Australia and North America. Drawing mission approaches (and recruits) from revivalist dissent, Israelite preachers forged first a Britain‐wide sect, then a global movement which followed the British settler diaspora and competed with rival American millennialisms. The spread of Southcottianism is a forgotten episode in the story of nineteenth‐century British colonial missions, and an argument for examining millennial movements beside more mainstream Christianity.     

初中英语教学应侧重于“听、说”训练

初中阶段的英语教学应侧重于“听说”训练。如果说在初中阶段学生的听说能力得到了提高,应该说学生的读写能力相应就有了一定的基础,这样就给高中阶段的英语学习奠定了一个良好的条件。     

The Role of Faith in Historical Research

The implied strategy and the history projected in the new book of Jens Bruun Kofoed, Text and History, fails to measure up to the critical principles of both theology and science established by Thomas Acquinas' centuries' old distinction between faith and reason. An apologetic intention in Kofoed's book attempts to demonstrate that the biblical history of his evangelical faith is not unreasonable. Thomas Thompson, on the other hand, thinks it is necessary to hold the line between faith and science, which St. Thomas drew some seven centuries ago. What Kofoed argues in an effort to project a history of Israel, which would be an alternative to that of the “Copenhagen school” is not science. Nor are his rules of evidence those that the world of secular history requires. Led by an apologetic rhetoric and understanding of historical argument, Kofoed's revised Århus dissertation is dominated by a critique of the “Copenhagen school,” which attempts to show that an alternative answer is not impossible. Although emphasizing the historical methods of Thompson and Niels Peter Lemche in his critique, Kofoed neglects to include in his discussion their discussions of method or, in Lemche's case, anything he has written before 1991. His understanding of their dependency on the Annales school is clearly mistaken as is his understanding of the debates about the relationship between historicity, genre and composition. Finally, his discussion of the comparative method is misleading and ill informed.