横剖之史:刘咸炘论《华阳国志》

刘咸炘是近代四川著名学者,其学术研究近年来日渐受到重视。《华阳国志》乃东晋常璩撰述的一部记载我国西南地区历史、地理等方面内容的综合性著作。刘咸炘注重"土风",对《华阳国志》论述多有精辟之言。从时间与空间综合而言,《华阳国志》乃"横剖之史";地方著作大兴及常璩自身经历、学术渊源等是其撰书条件;《华阳国志》之《序志》末段暗指作者姓名。刘咸炘对《华阳国志》的论述有利于进一步探究刘咸炘的史学思想,丰富对《华阳国志》的认识。     

传统史学理论在民国史学界的回响——论刘咸炘的章学诚研究

民国时期,中国传统史学虽在西学东渐的强力冲击下失去了主流地位,但仍然保持着一种血脉上的延续与发展。从章学诚到刘咸炘,呈现出传统史学理论在近代自省式的演进路径。刘咸炘阐释了章学诚关于浙东史学、六经皆史、记注与撰述等问题与范畴的论述,这些心得沉淀为刘咸炘史学理论的亮点和底色。刘咸炘还深入比较章学诚史学与西方史学,回击了西方史学优越论,坚守了中国本位的史学立场。刘咸炘承袭章学诚史学、目录学、方志学的衣钵,堪称"续章"的代表人物,但其中又有"匡章"之义。刘咸炘提出的"察势观风"已突破了章学诚史学的固有疆界,在近代史学史上自成一派。"续章"强调的是继承史学传统,"匡章"则是对传统史学的革新,这既为近代本土史学理论的重建注入了必要的传统因素,也为传统史学理论在近代学术转型中找到了安身立命之地。在新旧史学和中西史学的交汇、碰撞、嬗变中,刘咸炘的章学诚研究引起了内藤湖南、钱穆、蒙文通、齐思和等中外史学家的关注,从中可见中国本位史学家在民国史学史上的地位与影响。     

略论刘咸炘对四部分类体系的改造

刘咸炘对四部分类体系的改造可分三部分,一是在前人的基础上,调整子目,使经、史、子、集四部收录图书更为合理;二是另立外编,专收考证书、杂记等难以归入四部的图书;三是增多类目。刘咸炘认为经过改造的四部可以包容中、西所有图书,虽然可能扰乱了西学的原有体系,但却保留了中国传统学术的固有体系。为此,刘咸炘还提出了"主客之辨"的观点,认为自己的体系要优于其他分类体系。从现代目录学的发展趋势看,刘咸炘虽然在古典目录学方面眼光卓越,但对学术发展趋势的估计显然是保守的,一如他的文化立场。     

论刘咸炘的史学编撰思想

刘咸炘是近世学术史上的奇才婕暗难踔诙啵蚱涑D昶Ь铀拇ǎ谕饨绲慕涣魃跎伲矣⒛暝?逝,故后世学者对其了解甚少,学术成果因而珠沉大泽,光华未显。刘咸炘在诸多研究中,以史学为佳壬氖费а芯浚?承了浙东章学诚的史学思想,结合前人对古史及史学理论论述之长短,提出自己独特的见解。刘先生对史书的编撰问题,在前人的基础上提出了自己的想法。本文通过对阅读先生著作及研究成果,试对刘先生的史学编撰思想进行探讨。     

尊魏,恋蜀,远吴:刘咸炘对《三国志》三国亲疏书写的认知

陈寿《三国志》以魏蜀吴何方为尊乃正统论视角下中国史学研究中的一个热点。自宋以后,以蜀汉为正统的观点渐趋主流。刘咸炘从历史实际和历史编纂学两方面入手,认为陈寿在《三国志》中对魏蜀吴三国的亲疏认知为:尊魏,恋蜀,远吴。刘氏认为陈寿尊魏有四大书写体现;在吴蜀之间,则尊蜀过吴;陈寿对蜀汉存故国之心,但无阴蜀为帝之意。刘咸炘对《三国志》亲疏书写的认知,是其历史编纂学思想的重要体现,亦是其史学批评思想的重要组成部分,在他的史学体系中具有突出的位置,值得重视。     

辨体知类,分理篇章——刘咸炘《礼记》学探微

刘咸炘经学思想的根本是"六经皆史",其读书治学的首要在于"辨体知类",故其《礼记》学能够在晚清民国独树一帜而别具特色。刘咸炘认为《礼记》的体例是"儒家丛书",宗旨为"儒门大义",其本质与诸子异体同实,俱为说理之文。因此,他提出研治《礼记》分理篇章的学术方法,摒除《礼记》中与《仪礼》类似的曲节仪度之文,专取其中说理之篇如《礼运》、《礼器》等,进而比类相连、贯通章句,又标举礼学的大义在于"养生送死事鬼神"八字。凡此,在不动摇《礼记》经典地位的前提下,开创了《礼记》研究的新方法。     

刘咸炘史学思想初探

刘咸炘为中国近现代史学研究中被忽略的重要人物。其所著《推十书》凡二百三十五种、四百七十五卷,其中涉传统四部之学及现代哲学、史学、文学、目录学、书学等领域,饶富创意,惜英年早逝,加之身处川西,著作未能刊全,导致其学术思想隐而不显。刘咸炘属于天才型的学者,接受传统教育,却又对西学保持开放态度;一生未出四川以外之地,却又不囿于地域之见。其学术思想以史学为其核心,具批判性,除传承家学,私淑章学诚浙东史学之外,并将之扩大为察势观风的"人事学",形成所谓宏观史学的特点。本文非全面性对刘咸炘史学的论析,将从其中重要的史学作品中,一窥其史学思想的宝贵价值。     

中国史学近代化的一个缩影——以“浙东学派”概念的构建为中心北大核心

“浙东学派”的概念产生于20世纪初,迄今已有一百多年历史,关于其命名、性质、内涵及定义的研讨从未中断。清末,梁启超最早揭橥了近代学术意义上的“浙东学派”概念。((1))民国时期,又有章太炎、傅斯年、陈训慈、姚名达、周予同、张其昀、刘咸炘、何炳松、邓广铭、蒙文通、宋念慈、张寿镛、钱穆、李源澄、金毓黻等著名学人先后论及“浙东学派”。((2))中华人民共和国成立以来,诸多学者从不同角度持续深化了对“浙东学派”的研究。纵观“浙东学派”百年学术研究,一方面成果斐然,粲然可观;另一方面,“浙东学派”研究史本身的积淀也殊为丰厚,作为学术史与史学史研究的对象,具备了多维的学术意义与价值。中国近代史学呈现复杂多样化的状态,中西史学碰撞、新旧学问争锋,彼此相互渗透、磨合,在缤纷融合中完成了近代化。“浙东学派”是梁启超提出新史学以后建构的一个概念,同时,因为“浙东学派”承载了诸多传统史学的学理与内涵,抱持不同治学取向的民国学者通过对“浙东学派”的研究来表达各自的学术主张——新文化的拥趸者希望以“浙东学派”为理,沟通中西,改造文明;文化保守主义者则试图以“浙东学派”为名,钩沉绝学,寻求传统学术的近代出路。无论贬斥抑或表彰、谬误抑或精准,各派学者的尝试与努力在客观上都促进了中国史学近代化的转型。     

学一点艺术表现手法拍出来的照片更精彩(四)

<正>对比是各种艺术表现形式的主要手法,对比的视觉语言十分丰富,单从摄影艺术画面来看,光与影、明与暗、高与低、大与小、多与少、重与轻、强与弱、粗与细、刚与柔、曲与直、冷与暖、动与静、疏与密、软与硬、钝与锐、新与旧等诸多方面的对比关系。这些对比关系在摄影画面中有的体现在直观的具体形式上,有的体现在看不见的思想内容中,无论是内容还是形式的对比出现,都会加强视觉效果,增加感知内容,使读者产生空间感、力度感、神秘感等。     

谈编辑年鉴应处理好的几个关系

年鉴是全面、系统、准确地记述上年度事物发展变化的资料性工具书。编辑年鉴时要注意处理好共性与个性、稳定与创新、点与面、历史与现实、官与民、成绩与失误等关系。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.