浅析黄岩岛主权归属问题及启示

黄岩岛不属于南沙群岛争议范围，向来在中国的主权管辖之内，过去从未遇到过挑战，一些国际专家也充分肯定了中国对黄岩岛的主权。然而，自1997年5月，菲律宾开始对黄岩岛提出主权要求，编造谎言，“小动作”不断，隔三羞五挑起事端，且有愈演愈烈之势，本文略述黄岩岛的“前世今生”，拆穿菲律宾的谎言，以及阐述此争端带来的启示。     

南中国海不需要枪炮

4月10日,菲律宾海军在黄岩岛附近抓扣中国渔民时,被迅速赶到的中国海监船制止。经过两天的对峙,菲律宾撤走军舰,改派海岸警卫队船只前往“执法”。在中国海监船的阻止下,中国渔船离开。     

18至19世纪初西人的南海测绘与黄岩岛地名演变

18世纪很长一段时间里,西人并未认识到黄岩岛的存在,西文地图中仅在距离吕宋海岸非常近的地方标出了三个浅滩,它们与黄岩岛毫无关系。直到1771年,达尔林普尔经过考证,才发现黄岩岛的存在,并赋予它Scarborough Shoal的地名,此后的地图上出现黄岩岛Scarborough与吕宋近海三浅滩并立的局面。18世纪末至19世纪初,西人对吕宋岛海岸以西展开测绘,发现这里并不存在三个浅滩,于是这些浅滩从地图上消失,而原本属于浅滩地名的Marsingola或South Maroona被移植到了黄岩岛。因此,菲律宾方面的证据并不能成立。     

批判视角下黄岩岛地名演变与权力关系分析

国内外地名研究的批判主义转向,注重地方命名时地方意义的生产、再生产以及争夺。文章以黄岩岛地名的演变为例,研究其地名变迁背后的政治博弈。研究表明：①黄岩岛的地名演变是中、西方话语体系下国际行为主体政治角力的过程。②中国的黄岩岛地名演变彰显的是中国对其无可争辩的主权;西方殖民者的黄岩岛地名演变展示近代以来对南海及其周边地区的殖民统治;菲律宾当局对黄岩岛的更名,谋求建构国家认同、侵占更多海洋岛礁资源。③地名是集体记忆解构与重构的纽带和国家权力博弈的指示物。中国对内应增强国家认同感和民族凝聚力,唤起中华民族的集体记忆,对外提升国际话语权,通过国际舞台阐释对南海主权维护的法理依据和坚强决心。     

南中国海争端与中菲关系

中国在南中国海的主权受到一些国家的挑战,菲律宾是其中之一。菲律宾最早对南中国海的岛礁提出领土要求可追溯到20世纪30年代。菲律宾在南中国海的活动分为三个阶段。20世纪70年代以前,菲律宾政府不断地对南沙岛礁提出领土要求,也支持其国民到南沙海域勘探,但未占领中国南沙岛礁;20世纪70年代,菲律宾占领了部分南沙岛礁;冷战结束后,由渔业纠纷而引发了美济礁和黄岩岛问题,影响较大。总的来看,南中国海争端一定程度上影响了两国关系,但不影响双边关系的大局。在可预见的将来,南中国海的局势将维持现状,双方会通过协商途径解决可能出现的纠纷和争执。     

我国南海的“维权”始末（上）

近来,南海成为国际关系中的一个焦点与热点。2009年2月17日,菲律宾通过法案将南沙群岛和黄岩岛划为菲属,挑起了新一轮南海岛礁归属争端,引起了我国政府和国际社会的关注。面对我国南海的主权之争,我国政府始终坚持一个立场,中国对南沙群岛及其附近海域拥有无可辩驳的主权。     

“菲律宾1896年革命100周年国际学术讨论会”在马尼拉召开

“菲律宾１８９６年革命１００周年国际学术讨论会”在马尼拉召开陈衍德为纪念菲律宾人民反抗西班牙殖民统治革命１００周年,菲律宾政府“百年庆典委员会”与菲律宾文化部共同主办的“菲律宾１８９６年革命１００周年国际学术讨论会”于１９９６年７月２１日至２３日在首...     

菲律宾斗鸡

没看过斗鸡不算到过菲律宾 斗鸡在菲律宾已有千年的历史,素有“国技”之称,菲律宾人宣称：“没看过斗鸡,就不算到过菲律宾!”不久前,为期三天的号称世界上规模最大的“斯莱舍杯”斗鸡大赛在首都马尼拉举行,吸引了数以万计的狂热观众。     

菲律宾国家领土界限评述

菲律宾宪法把所谓“条约界限”的全部海域规定为国家领土,这不仅扩大了本国的领土范围,而且对我国南海海域的划界造成了不良影响。此外,菲律宾又以总统法令把我国南沙群岛的33个岛礁宣布为菲律宾领土,并命名为“卡拉延群岛”。从国际法有关规定和客观历史事实看,菲律宾声称的国家领土界限及“卡拉延群岛”是不合法的。     

郑成功致菲律宾总督书之管见

郑成功致菲律宾总督书之管见郑山玉丁东１６６２年春,郑成功接受荷尊揆一投降,将荷兰殖民者驱逐出台湾,之后不久,曾派遣使节前往马尼拉,向菲律宾西班牙总督递交外交文书,即一般所称的“郑成功致菲律宾总督书”（或曰“国书”、或曰“檄文”。为行文方便计,本文均简...     

黎萨尔与菲律宾现代政治变革模式的形成

何塞.黎萨尔被认为是菲律宾"国家和个人生活的基石"。在有关黎萨尔的研究中,黎萨尔与菲律宾政治变革的途径,即经由"改革"还是"革命"来达致国家的独立、获取全民的"福利",是争论不休的一个关键问题。从黎萨尔的著作来看,黎萨尔倾向于经由菲律宾政治精英在殖民政府内部对现有不合理的旧制度进行一场彻底的、激进的"好改革"来实现菲律宾的独立和民主。如果这一条道路走不通,那么,"暴力革命"将是最后的手段。黎萨尔所强调的"精英化的好改革"的政治思想,经由美国殖民政府的渲染,最终构成为菲律宾现代政治变革的基本模式——旧框架内的和平革命。     

The politics of prevention. Safe sex

In the Philippines, preventing AIDS and promoting condom use means taking on the Roman Catholic Church, which asserts condom/AIDS promotion is a subterfuge for promoting the acceptability of condom use for contraception. The Catholic Bishops Conference believes the solution lies in the formation of "authentic sexual values." The Secretary of Health in the Philippines considers that all Filipinos must fight AIDS and dispassionately hands out condoms to everyone everywhere he goes. Secretary Flavier claims he is being "condomized without trial." There are 368 identified carriers of HIV infection of which 68 have AIDS. Other estimates are of 35,000 HIV-infected persons. A study commissioned by Kabalikat recently found that 30,000 men aged 18-45 years in Manila have 2 or more sexual partners and do not use condoms. Some find the controversy is really about Flavier's aggressive style. Senator Francisco Tatad considers Flavier a "moral pollutant," while Senator Ernesto Maceda sees Flavier as acting to drown out the Church's powerful voice. Meanwhile, the health secretary finds that the publicity encourages open discussion. Cardinal Jaime Sin has declared in a large public gathering that the enemies of the Filipino family must not be allowed to win. Birth control, according to Senator Tatad, is "oppressive to the moral and religious beliefs of the Catholic majority." There is a plan to include AIDS education in high schools, which the Senate is currently investigating because of the religious consequences. The health secretary's plan is to promote a higher standard of living though family planning for a small family size. The target is to reduce fertility rates from an average of 3.9/women of reproductive age to 3.2 and to increase contraceptive acceptors from 42.5% to 52%. An independent poll reports 76% practicing birth control. Family planning has been a policy for a while, but it lacked commitment and political will. The family planning campaign will be launched in rural areas where the control of the church is not as strong. The educational emphasis has been supported by local governments and private groups such as DKT which perform street plays, of which an example is given. The Church is being challenged to set up natural family planning clinics in every diocese.     

A Jack's Reef Horizon Settlement Cluster in the Central Scioto Valley

In 1992, Mark Seeman proposed the existence of a Jack's Reef horizon in Ohio. Little professional research has been undertaken on domestic sites since then though. The Jack's Reef horizon subsumes the Intrusive Mound complex. Archaeological excavations for the Rockies Express-East gas pipeline project identified three sites in the central Scioto valley that provide evidence of Jack's Reef horizon occupations in floodplain and upland settings flanking the river valley. Radiocarbon dates confirm habitation associated with this late Late Woodland culture from cal A.D. 630–1000. Excavation and geophysical data reviewed in this article indicate intensive habitation of large base camps and small-scale residential bases, with secondary refuse disposal, distinctive ceramics, a curated bifacial lithic technology, and an expedient flake-tool technology.     

对日媾和与美菲同盟条约的缔结

冷战之初,面对中国内战局势的变化和美国改变对日政策可能导致的日本重新军国主义化威胁,菲律宾将确保国家安全的希望寄托于美国,积极寻求与之订立"太平洋公约",但该构想不符合当时美国的战略考虑,屡遭拒绝。朝鲜战争的爆发,促使美国加快对日媾和。由于媾和方案在安全和赔偿方面未能满足菲律宾等国需求,遭到反对。为平息盟国不满,美国改变对"太平洋公约"的态度并提出自己的方案,但该方案将日本包括其中,被菲否定。经过博弈,在美国提供正式安全保证的前提下,菲律宾最终接受了媾和方案。     

困境中的菲律宾科迪勒拉水稻梯田

世界文化遗产菲律宾科迪勒拉水稻梯田位于菲律宾吕宋岛科迪勒拉山脉沿线的伊富高省,由分布在4个市的5个梯田群组成,分别为基安干市（Kiangan）的Nagacadan梯田群、洪都安市（Hungdun）梯田群、梅奥瑶市（Mayoyao）梯田群以及巴纳维市（Banaue）的Bangaan和Batad梯田群组成。     

Folklore without a folk: questions in the preservation of the Marinduque Moriones heritage

Since the 1870s, the Moriones festival has been part of the Lenten celebrations in Marinduque, located at the heart of the Philippines. Inventoried by the Philippine government, the National Commission for Culture and Arts (NCCA) and the Intangible Cultural Heritage in the Asia-Pacific Region (ICHCAP) as one of the Philippines’ intangible cultural heritage, the Moriones festival has exhibited various problems regarding a decreasing historical value, political intervention and increasing detachment from the Marinduque community. This study raises questions on regional inventorying of ICH, especially in light of what needs to be tackled before, during and after the incorporation of traditions and practices as ICH.     

Political Obstacles to Decentralization: Evidence from Argentina and the Philippines

Decentralization has swept across the developing world in recent years. Although the speed and scope of the shift toward more decentralized practices is striking, decentralization is neither inevitable nor irreversible. Rather, it faces enormous political obstacles and can be subject to serious setbacks. This article accounts for attempts by national politicians to thwart decentralization in two countries that recently adopted some of the most significant decentralizing changes in their respective regions: Argentina and the Philippines. Based on fieldwork in each country, it suggests that even after the political decision to decentralize has been made, national politicians may face deep‐seated incentives to preserve centralized control over fiscal policy. In Argentina, President Carlos Menem partially reversed the previous decentralization of revenue because fiscally‐independent provincial governors were a challenge to his political interests and capabilities. In the Philippines, legislators attempted to reverse and then circumvent decentralization since it threatened their status as brokers claiming personal credit for negotiating fiscal transfers from the centre. The article identifies an intermediate outcome in both countries, according to which decentralizing policies are neither entirely reversed nor implemented as initially designed.     

The Discourse that Silences: Beneficiaries' Ambivalence Towards Redistributive Land Reform in the Philippines

This article argues that the persistence of non-capitalist dimensions within land relations in the Philippines is basic to rural livelihood strategies, and has been a major but widely-neglected factor in the failure of land reform programmes. Addressing the issue of non-capitalist relationships brings into focus the indigenous or ‘customary’ land tenure relationships that exist in lowland land tenure arrangements, with the result that the conventional dichotomy between lowland and upland ‘cultural minority’ land relations becomes spurious. The article offers some suggestions as to why, for the major part of this century, the indigenous norms of lowlanders have been overlooked, with a discussion which links up to issues of national identity and nation building.     

Exploration of Basel Mission Company shipwreck remains at St George's Reef off Goa, West Coast of India: impact of the Basel Mission Co. on society and culture

A systematic exploration of shipwrecks has been carried out in Goa waters since 1997. Exploration off St George's Reef has brought to light the remains of a shipwreck at a depth of 15 m, containing various types of terracotta artefacts intended for house construction. Basel Mission Tile Works 1865' is impressed on bricks, roof and floor tiles. Study shows that the company was active in manufacturing terracotta and exported it to Africa, Australia, Borneo, Sumatra, and other countries. It has been renamed 'Comtrust', and is still producing terracotta using the same techniques. The impact of the Basel Mission Co. on society and culture is discussed. A study of finds of wrecks in the Mangalore and Calicut areas was undertaken.