北刘遗址人骨的稳定同位素分析

通过对新石器时代关中地区北刘遗址(8000~5500BP)出土的人骨C和N稳定同位素的测试分析,揭示了当地先民的以粟类食物为主的食物结构;对该遗址早晚两期先民稳定同位素数据的比较分析,表明粟作农业在北刘晚期得到进一步发展。通过对比北刘遗址不同时期以及姜寨(6900~6000BP)、史家(6300~6000BP)遗址先民的食物结构,探索关中地区史前先民生活方式和食物结构的演变历程:从老关台文化期到仰韶文化期,粟类食物在先民食物结构中比例上升,粟作农业得到了较大发展;在仰韶文化期内,粟作农业存在先繁荣后衰退的现象。这种变化可能与关中地区新石器时代古气候条件的变化有关。     

四川大邑县高山古城遗址宝墩文化先民牙本质序列的碳氮稳定同位素分析

通过对成都平原新石器时代晚期(约4500BP)高山古城遗址出土人骨和牙齿进行稳定同位素分析,重建个体层面上先民的生活史,以及断奶行为、生活方式等重要信息。人骨同位素数据(δ¹³C:-19.6‰～-18.0‰)表明,该人群主要以C₃类食物为食,这应当与当时较为发达的稻作农业相关。然而,该群体的个体牙本质序列的同位素数据(δ¹³C:-19.6‰～-15.0‰)较骨骼更高,显然这是因为C₄类食物(粟黍作物)在其先民断奶过程和童年早期起到了重要作用。此外,个体牙本质序列氮稳定同位素比值的变化趋势,显示总体上先民的断奶行为在2.5～4岁之间完成。这一研究成果,为探讨稻粟混作区的粟作农业在先民生活方式中的重要地位以及其向南方传播和扩散的进程提供了新的研究视角。     

宝鸡建河墓地出土战国时期秦人骨的稳定同位素分析

<正>为配合陇海铁路宝兰复线陕西宝鸡段工程,2001年陕西省考古研究院先后两次发掘了宝鸡建河墓地,取得了重要收获。其中秦墓的发掘,是目前为止在陕西境内最西端、甘肃境内最东端的渭河北岸有关秦人踪迹的重要发现,为今后寻找秦人自西向东逐渐迁徙的足迹,乃至对秦文化的研究提供了可靠翔实的第一手科学资料。     

谈山东日照两城镇发现的烤箅

海岱地区的陶箅是一种重要的炊食器 ,按功能可分为蒸箅和烤箅 ;从大汶口文化晚期始直至岳石文化 ,陶箅经历了其独特的发展演变过程 ;伴随着文化交流 ,陶箅也不断向外传播 ;陶箅的用途即为蒸食或用来烘烤肉类和鱼类等 ;两城镇烤箅的发现为研究海岱地区的古代饮食文化提供了新的材料。     

周原遗址西周时期人骨的稳定同位素分析

通过对周原遗址西周时期人骨的C、N稳定同位素分析可知,该地居民食物以粟、黍等C4类为主,肉食以C4类型家畜为主,反映了发达的粟作农业和家畜养殖业。等级结构和地域差异是影响遗址内居民饮食状况的主要因素。以齐镇东地点为例,中层贵族日常饮食以C4类为主导并伴有大量肉类;下层贵族和一般平民饮食虽也以C4类为主导,但肉食量有所下降且个体间差异较大;低等平民或奴隶则基本无肉食,个别还摄入较多C3类食物作为补充。另外,遗址内齐家村东人群的δ¹⁵N值较齐镇东人群普遍偏高,这可能与该地临近河流湖泊,居民生前摄入较多淡水鱼类和蚌类有关,显示出大型都邑性遗址内部人群构成的复杂性。     

河北省武安磁山遗址动物骨骼的稳定同位素分析

为了揭示粟黍农业发展初期,家畜饲喂与粟黍利用的关系,本文对距今8000年前后河北省武安磁山遗址出土的动物骨骼进行了C、N稳定同位素分析。在重建当地野生生态系统稳定同位素特征的基础上,发现家犬和部分猪的食物结构中包含了一定量的粟黍,说明它们明显受到粟黍农业活动的影响。其次,结合大地湾、兴隆沟等遗址猪的稳定同位素数据,可以发现距今8000年前后磁山遗址粟黍农业对部分猪的饲喂影响强烈,它们的食物结构已经被直接或间接添加了一定量的粟黍类食物。     

海岱龙山文化遗址人均用地面积的初步研究

遗址人均用地面积研究对于确定一个文化的人口数量、探讨社会发展进程具有重要的意义。本文运用聚落资料分析法和墓葬资料分析法,对海岱龙山文化遗址人均用地面积进行了研究,初步统计出海岱龙山文化早、中、晚各期遗址人均用地面积的数值。为进一步分析海岱龙山文化不同区域的人口数量及海岱龙山文化的总体人口数量奠定了基础。     

Stone Tool Production of the Longshan Culture at the Liangchengzhen Site in Rizhao of Shandong

The manufacture of stone tools was one of the most important craft production activities in prehistoric human society. Previously, lack of sound evidence had made it too early to confirm whether or not stone tool production during the Longshan cultural period had already transformed from a primitive self-sufficient household mode of production to a specialized mode of production. Excavation of the site of the Longshan cultural site at Liangchengzhen in Rizhao, Shandong from 1998–2001 through meticulous field methods such as sieving and floatation yielded a large number of lithic reduction tools, ranging from grinding stones, stone hammers, and polishing stones to raw materials, semi-finished products, and lithic debitage of various sizes, resulting from the lithic reduction process. This excavation suggests that the Liangchenzhen site was a settlement site where the complete process of lithic reduction was practiced. Through comparison with contemporary large-scale excavated sites of the Longshan culture, it is suggested that the Area 1 at the Liangchengzhen site was a lithic reduction locality with a relatively high degree of specialization which was used for hundreds of years. It is possible that stone tool production had already advanced to a stage of relatively high specialization during the Longshan cultural period in the Haidai region.     

Dietary adaptation during the Longshan period in China: stable isotope analyses at Liangchengzhen (southeastern Shandong)

Rice and millet were staple crops at Liangchengzhen, a late Neolithic Longshan site in Shandong, China, but the degree of dietary variation is not known. This study uses stable isotope analysis of human and faunal skeletal remains to quantitatively address the importance of these crops as well as terrestrial domesticates and aquatic resources in the diet at Liangchengzhen. Although no collagen could be extracted from the poorly preserved human bones, the δ¹³C stable isotope results for 2 apatite sample and 16 tooth enamel samples averaged −9.8‰ suggesting that diet was based on foods averaging from −24‰ to −18‰, with millet and millet-fed animals comprising at most approximately 25–30% of the diet. Pig faunal δ¹³C isotope values suggested that during the earlier Longshan period pigs were fed mainly millet with more C₃ foods such as rice included by the later Longshan period. Solid ceramic residues from two guan jar sherds produced δ¹³C values averaging −18‰ and δ¹⁵N values averaging +16‰, suggesting both vessels contained fish. The results of the study indicate that by the Longshan period, people in southeastern Shandong no longer relied as heavily on millet and that the agricultural crop of rice had increased in importance at Liangchengzhen. Unfortunately, without human collagen samples to provide nitrogen isotope results, we cannot estimate the relative contribution of aquatic and terrestrial protein to the diet of people at Liangchengzhen. In general, however, the pattern of a diverse agricultural system on the basis of the macrobotanical remains from Liangchengzhen is supported by the isotopic results.     

龙山时代日照地区饮食文化蠡测

龙山文化是探讨中华文明重要的考古学文化之一,日照地区的龙山时代对于研究早期国家的起源极具代表意义,研究其发达的农业文明所衍生的饮食文化,可以对早期国家如何形成的探索进行重要补充。通过已知的考古调查、发掘和研究成果,结合民族学资料,本文对龙山时代日照地区的主食、副食、烹饪和进食方式进行了探讨,认为日照地区龙山时代的饮食文...     

陕西临潼康家龙山文化遗址1990年发掘动物遗存

一、前言 陕西临潼康家遗址是龙山时期的村落遗址,面积约１９万平方米。自１９８１年以来,曾进行过多次发掘①,出土了大量动物骨骼,本文将分析１９９０年夏秋两季发掘中出土的动物遗存。 １９９０年发掘是在遗址的中南部进行的,发掘 １０ × １０米探方１个（１２６）。康家遗址Ｔ２６的龙山地层厚度约３米,发现迭压多层的房屋一排,房前的院子里有许多灰坑。大部分兽骨出于灰坑和房屋的夯土墙内。发掘报告尚未发表,但为叙述方便本文根据建筑遗迹的分布情况初步将龙山文化地层分为早晚两期。早期：厚度约２米,每层房基包括４间房屋…     

鲁北地区发现龙山文化古城与古史传说中的夷夏交争

鲁北地区发现四座龙山文化古城址,根据地层关系及出土遗物,推定这四座龙山城址是分属两个不同历史时期的文化堆积。根据陶鬲炊器最早出现在中原地区,之后曾沿黄河故道向东传播,故提出山东地区发现陶鬲,乃由河南豫西地区传播而来,论定鲁北西部三座龙山文化城址晚期。乃由豫西徙入鲁北地带的“鬲族”所占有。通过有关史料分析,肯定鲁北发现四座龙山文化城址中淄、(氵弥)河以西三座城址晚期易主,与古史传说中的夷夏交争吏实有关,或曾为随夏王室东渐鲁北一带斟姓诸部所占有。     

Stable Isotope Analysis Reveals Variations in Human Diet at the Poundbury Camp Cemetery Site

Stable isotope analysis was undertaken on 48 individuals from Iron Age, Roman and Post-Roman periods of the Poundbury Camp Cemetery, Dorchester, England. Variations in diet, reflected by the stable isotope values, were observed between individuals from the different time periods. Differences in diet within the Late Roman period were particularly interesting, as we found that the isotope values could be related to burial type. We also found evidence of possible immigrants at Poundbury; individuals that may have come to the site from a warmer climate.     

Stable Isotope Analysis of Human and Animal Remains at the Qijiaping Site in Middle Gansu,China

Intercontinental exchanges between communities living in different parts of Eurasia during the late prehistoric period have become increasingly popular as a topic of archaeological research. The Qijia culture, found in northwest China, is one of the key archaeological cultures that can shed light on trans‐Eurasian exchange because a variety of imports are found in this cultural context. These imports include new cereals and animals, which suggest that human diets may also have changed compared with previous periods. To understand human and animal diets of the Qijia culture, carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from human and animal skeletal remains were analysed from the type site of the Qijia culture at Qijiaping. The results demonstrate that human diet at the site mainly consisted of millet and animals fed on millet. C₃ cereals, such as wheat and barley, did not contribute significantly to human diet, and no isotopic differences were found between adult and subadult diets. Furthermore, three outlying human results raise the possibility of exogenous individuals, perhaps in relation to the parallel movement of animals, crops and goods. This study provides human and animal dietary information for evaluating the nature of exchange and diffusion in eastern Eurasia at this time. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

河南新密市古城寨龙山文化城址发掘简报

古城寨遗址位于河南省新密市与新郑市交界处 ,在新密市东南 35公里的曲梁乡大樊庄村古城寨村民组周围。遗址规模宏大 ,城墙高大 ,气势雄伟。城内地面高于溱水河床 1 0米 ,高于周围地面 2米～ 5米。 (图一 ;彩版二 ,1 )原据密县地方志认为古城寨城址是西周郐国都城 ,故定为郐国故城 ,1 988年被河南省人民政府公布为河南省文物保护单位。通过近年的钻探调查与试掘 ,被确认为龙山文化城址后 ,于 2 0 0 1年 5月又被国务院公布为第三批全国重点文物保护单位。 1 997年夏季 ,河南省文物考古研究所在新密市炎黄历史文化研究会和新密市文物保管所的…     

Diet Variability and Stable Isotope Analyses: Looking for Variables Within the Late Neolithic and Iron Age Human Groups from Gougenheim Site and Surrounding Areas (Alsace,France)

Several human groups (from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age) have been analysed in France during the past decade (mainly for C and N stable isotope) as part of research programmes focusing on prehistoric dietary variability. The environment, cultural/social choices or even biological characteristics are among the parameters influencing food acquisition and consumption. This short report presents the first diachronic isotopic results on the palaeodiet in northeastern France. Because of the exceptional archaeological characteristics (human deposits in various positions in pits) of the bone collection from the site of Gougenheim and the surrounding areas (Late Neolithic‐Iron Age, Alsace, France), this assemblage provides a new isotopic dataset to study diet and the potential relationship with social elements or other factors involved in food choices. In order to obtain individual palaeodietary information, carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analyses were performed on 23 adults and 20 immature human bone collagen samples as well as on 25 animal remains. Data were then combined with zooarchaeological and anthropological/archaeological results to reconstruct part of the dietary pattern (i.e. protein consumed) and to detect possible links between the deposit and individual or group social status, defined here by specific mortuary practices. For the Late Neolithic period, isotopic values show, among other things, a wide δ¹³C range within the female human group, which is statistically lower than the male one. Women probably consumed more diversified food sources, suggesting increased residential mobility. Although body deposits point to the presence of two distinct subgroups, no relationship with animal protein intake was identified. Moreover, the comparison with Iron Age individuals brought to light different dietary patterns between the two periods, indicating that stable isotope values were affected throughout time either by increased millet/legume consumption or environmental/anthropic changes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

江苏盱眙东阳军庄汉墓群出土人骨的稳定同位素分析

黄淮地区是传统粟稻混作区,西汉时麦作推广进入关键时期,但小麦在这一过程中对黄淮地区原有粟稻混作格局的影响并不明确。对江苏省盱眙县东阳军庄汉墓群出土人骨的稳定同位素分析结果显示,9例人骨骨胶原δ13C值的范围为-20.0‰~-18.4‰,均值-19.4±0.6‰(n=9),表明西汉时期盱眙先民主要以稻、麦等C3类植物为食,已经不再将粟作为主要粮食,结合该地区西汉以前的农业格局,可推测西汉时期苏北淮河流域已经开始由传统的稻粟混作模式向稻麦混作模式转变。将本文数据与我国同时期其他遗址的稳定同位素数据比较后发现,在原有稻粟混作区内,粟在先民饮食结构中的地位呈自西向东下降的趋势,反映了小麦种植在不同区域的不平衡发展,关中地区小麦的推广普及明显晚于东部近海地区。