也谈齐“六字刀”的年代

齐国古刀币面文有“齐△邦(立长)(长)夻(大)(?)(刀)”一种,见于《古钱大辞典》838、840、845、848、851-853、857、863、867等,通称“六字刀”。△字,黄锡全先生《先秦货币通论》①第五章“刀币”据张颔《古币文编》所收39个字形,将其分为7种:     

大美阿拉斯加

<正>1867年,美国国务卿西沃德用4美元72美分向俄罗斯买来的"冰盒子"阿拉斯加,如今正以与世隔绝的冰河冰川、广袤神秘的国家公园、风情万种的麦金利山、冰雪复盖的北冰洋、丰富多     

HIGHER EDUCATION LEADERSHIP IN STATE LEGISLATURES

The distribution of higher education leadership in state legislatures is examined. It is based on questionnaire and interview information from 285 legislators who exercise influence on education policy in the fifty states, and one-third of whom give special attention to issues of higher education. These higher education leaders differ from education leaders generally in terms of their experience, their location within the legislature, and their effort and relationships. What explains higher education leadership as much as anything else, however, is the nature of the environment in which legislators find themselves. In focusing on eleven states, where higher education is of considerable salience, it is possible to discern how environment combines with other factors to produce such leadership.     

STATE REVENUE ELASTICITY AND EXPENDITURE GROWTH

Recent analyses and theories of public choice suggest faster public sector expansion in states with highly elastic revenue structures. This paper estimates the contribution of elasticity of tax revenues to the growth of expenditures in the 50 American states since 1960, based on elasticity measures for state revenue sources compiled by the Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, an index of state tax structural change, and controls for federal aid to states, population increase, and per capita growth in real income. Results for 1960-1970 show a small positive relationship between revenue elasticity and expenditure growth, but this becomes weak and negative for 1970-1976. Spending has increased most in states with the least elastic revenue sources; these states have made considerable changes in tax laws, while states with elastic revenue sources have been more likely to cut taxes than to increase spending. Federal aid, rather than tax elasticity, is the best predictor of state expenditure growth, while legislative changes in tax structure have enabled states to keep pace with rising demand for revenue due to growth in population and real income.     

50 YEARS OF STATE AID TO TIBET

Given its restrictive natural and geographical conditions, Tibet remained backward in economic development for a long time. With the peaceful liberation of Tibet in 1951, the Central Government formulated policies geared to stimulate social and economic development in the region. From 1952 to 2000, the Central Government granted 47.49343 billion Yuan in aid of Tibet, and spent 31.0232 billion Yuan in infrastructure construction there. In 1984, the Second National Conference on Work in Ti…