世界卫生组织总干事谭德赛如是说——应对大疫的中国有政治优势

近日,世卫组织总干事评价中国的一句话,把世界吓了一跳!大灾大疫大战是对一个国家的大考,世界卫生组织总干事谭德赛到访中国,称赞在疫情面前中国政府展现出坚定的政治决心,采取了及时有效的举措,令人钦佩!应对大疫的中国有制度优势,值得各国学习。     

中央爱国卫生运动委员会主任——周恩来

1952年底,周恩来总理兼任中央爱国卫生运动委员会主任,领导全国的卫生防疫工作。他重视"发扬祖国医药遗产,为社会主义建设服务";他把人民身体健康看成最大的财富,重视防疫工作及治疗常见病,重视广大农民的医疗卫生工作,提倡晚婚和计划生育。他强调卫生工作要以预防为主,主张发动群众、依靠群众;要求管理好水、粪的卫生;要开展体育运动,增强人民体质,以达到预防疾病的目的。他还提出中西医要团结、要结合的问题。重温周恩来关于卫生防疫工作的思想和具体做法,对认识当前中国的防疫、抗疫工作具有一定的启示意义。     

全民动员:南京市解放初期的卫生防疫

南京市解放初期,全面贯彻中央制定的"面向工农兵""预防为主""团结中西医"三大卫生工作方针,并根据中央卫生部及华东军政委员会卫生部的指示,稳步推进城市卫生防疫体制机制建设,增强了南京市的卫生防疫力量.在卫生防疫机制运行中,南京市全面贯彻全民动员、全民防疫的理念,广泛发动群众、依靠群众,充分调动社会资源,切实提高城市的卫生防疫能力,在疫病防控方面取得了突出成就,卫生环境与城市面貌也发生了翻天覆地的变化.南京市解放初期的卫生防疫实践充分证明,全民动员是人类战胜疫病的重要武器,也是疫情防控的有效路径.     

抗战时期华北根据地的卫生防疫工作述论

抗战时期华北根据地疾疫流行广泛,疟疾、痢疾、伤寒、麻疹和流行性感冒等尤为严重。边区政府和军队从"一切为了战争胜利"的目的出发,积极建立各级卫生组织,颁布卫生防疫法规,开展积极的卫生防疫宣传和广泛的群众性卫生运动,切实实施包括组建各种医疗组和卫生防疫队、帮助各级政权训练卫生防疫人员、协助地方卫生工作、充分发挥中医中药的作用等各种卫生防疫办法,不仅有效地预防和控制了各种疾疫的流行,巩固了根据地的社会稳定,而且转变了根据地民众的卫生观念,破除了根据地民众落后的封建迷信思想,增进了广大民众对边区政府和军队普遍的政治认同,为其后的卫生防疫工作尤其是新中国的疾疫救治和卫生防疫体系的建立提供了丰富的经验。     

民国时期安徽卫生防疫事业的萌生与困顿

民国时期特别是南京国民政府时期,由于时代诉求的引领和地方需要的推动,皖省政府应势而为,初步建构了一个卫生防疫行政体系,开启了卫生防疫事业之端绪。然而,由于经费竭蹶、人才奇缺、政局动荡、民众卫生智识落后等瓶颈因素的窒碍,以及新生事物发端时期的幼稚属性,皖省卫生防疫事业又注定要呈现左右支绌的粗陋格局,进而陷入逡巡难前的困顿之境。皖省卫生防疫事业的萌生和困顿有其在地因素的影响,更有时代共性的投射。     

弘扬玉树抗震救灾精神 奋力推进新青海建设——玉树抗震救灾精神是新青海建设的不竭动力

玉树地震已过去170多天了,但全国各族人民在灾害面前所迸发出的＂大爱同心、坚韧不拔、挑战极限、感恩奋进＂的抗震救灾精神却让人久久不能忘怀。这种精神,是中华民族凝聚力的生动体现,是社会主义制度优越性的充分彰显。为了弘扬玉树抗震救灾精神,8月16日,中共青海省委宣传部、省委党校、省社科院、青海日报社联合召开了＂省垣社科理论界大力弘扬玉树抗震救灾精神座谈会＂。与会人员围绕如何理解和弘扬＂抗震救灾精神＂进行了研讨。本刊特选编部分精彩发言,以飨读者。     

国统区与革命根据地的卫生防疫工作

在中国,由政府主导大规模、有计划、有目的防疫工作起始于民国时期。中华民国政府基于西方科学理论建立卫生防疫组织,制定卫生防疫律令,推动了现代意义上的防治传染病的艰辛历程,但国统区的卫生防疫工作机构建设进度缓慢,主要集中于中心城市而无力顾及小城市和乡村,卫生防疫技术手段以西医为主,倚重卫生法规的作用,制度执行很有强制性。中共革命根据地的卫生     

中央苏区的防疫卫生运动

正土地革命时期,为了保障苏区军民的健康和革命战争的胜利,中央苏区从军队到地方、从中央到基层,自上而下开展了一场持久的、颇具声势的防疫卫生运动。尤其是中华苏维埃共和国临时中央政府在瑞金成立后,每年年初都会召开研究卫生防疫工作的会议,逐步组建起各级卫生领导管理机构和医疗防疫机构,建立"预防为主"的卫生防疫机制。苏区广大工农群众被普遍地动员起来,全民     

新中国的第一场战“疫”

1949年10月新中国成立前后,察哈尔省察北专区(以下简称"察北专区")暴发了大规模鼠疫。党和政府充分发动群众,采取果断措施,统一组织领导战"疫"工作;广大群众在"扑灭鼠疫,保卫首都,保卫毛主席"的号召下,各行各业同舟共济,战"疫"一盘棋,最终取得了新中国第一场重大公共卫生事件的战"疫"胜利,也为新中国卫生防疫事业留下了一笔宝贵的经验财富。     

民国文人范儿：陪你坐牢

自古以来,＂牢狱之灾＂都是大灾,连亲朋好友都会明哲保身,唯恐避之不及。而在民国时期,却有三个人,不但没有撇清关系,反而还陪着朋友一起坐牢,让人感叹不已。 徐志摩：陪百里先生坐牢 徐志摩,民国头号风流才子。而蒋百里,在民国时期也是大大的有名,当时有句话叫＂男交蒋百里，女交林徽因＂。     

玉树抗震救灾精神与社会主义核心价值

玉树抗震救灾精神就是大爱同心、众志成城的民族精神,就是坚韧不拔、百折不挠的革命英雄主义精神,就是挑战极限、全心全意为人民服务的精神,就是感恩奋进、自力更生、艰苦奋斗的精神。玉树抗震救灾精神是社会主义核心价值的时代表达,彰显了社会主义核心价值体系的现实要求。     

Mortality and sanitary conditions in the "best governed city in the world"--Birmingham, 1870-1910.

The growth of population in nineteenth-century Britain has often been attributed to the decline in mortality during that period. Here the relationship between improvements in sanitary conditions and the fall in disease mortality is considered for one particular city in the period 1870–1910. Medical Officer of Health reports are used to show the spatiotemporal patterns of both a selection of fatal diseases and sanitary conditions in Birmingham in the 1880s. This evidence suggests that administrative developments in hospital provision, for instance, need to be combined with public health improvements in any explanation of mortality decline. Further, that poverty, as reflected by back to back housing, is more closely associated with high mortality than variables measuring sanitary conditions.     

Of plagues,planes and politics: Controlling the global spread of infectious diseases by air

In recent years, the implications of globalisation for the spread of infectious diseases has begun to emerge as an area of concern to political geographers. Unsurprisingly, much of the contemporary literature focuses on the multifarious threats posed by human and, increasingly, non-human mobility. Prompted by current geopolitical concerns surrounding the public health implications of regular international air travel, this paper extends such research by exploring the ways in which the technology of the aeroplane stimulated the production of new international sanitary initiatives aimed at safeguarding global public health in an era of mass aeromobility. By tracing the development of sanitary regulations for aerial navigation, from their origins in the 1920s through the twentieth century in particular, we document the emergence of a series of public health interventions that were designed to limit the public health threat associated with increased international air travel and the concomitant rise in the mobility of infectious diseases. From inoculation certificates to quarantine and the routine ‘disinsection’ of passenger aircraft with powerful insecticides, modern air travel is replete with a complex set of procedures designed to lessen the risks associated with flying between different climatic and ecological zones. Our detailed examination of the historical context in which these procedures were devised and implemented leads us to consider the importance of time and space, power and efficacy, to the development of a more nuanced understanding of the shifting public health response to an increasingly fluid, mobile, and inter-connected society.     

Redefining Men's Sexuality,Resignifying Male Bodies: The Argentine Law of Anti‐Venereal Prophylaxis, 1936

By analysing governmental, legal and medical sources, this article examines Argentina's first national law of anti‐venereal prophylaxis enacted in 1936. It argues that two aspects of the law, the abolition of legalised prostitution and the mandatory prenuptial medical exam and certificate for men, especially signalled a shift in the state's concern for men's sexuality. The essay demonstrates that this shift was based on the legal and medical recognition of men's reproductive role, its impact on the health of the family and the biological destiny of the nation, and the consideration of the male body as a carrier of venereal diseases and an agent of contagion. This interest in men's sexuality was also the result of the limits the state confronted in its attempts to target women. The law imposed new controls over men because the medical surveillance of prostitutes had proved to be a sanitary failure, and the medical examination and certificate for single women was rejected since it went against beliefs regarding female purity and virginity. This article shows how, under the influence of eugenics, the state turned to the sanitary surveillance of men to prevent venereal contagion and to assure healthy procreation by assuming a new interventionist and paternalist role as the guarantor of public health, the promoter of the hygienic family, and the entity responsible for the protection of wives and children through the control of the male body.     

The evacuation camp as paradoxical space for women

In recent years, so-called natural disasters have devastated areas around the world. Survivors must leave their homes and reside temporarily in evacuation camps run by state, religious and humanitarian actors. These official post-disaster spaces are intended to provide safety to survivors while they repair damaged homes, rebuild livelihoods, or await new lodging. Not all people, however, experience or perceive these spaces as safe. Through the interventions of institutional actors and the actions of evacuees, these spaces can become sites of repression, violence and family separation. This study of women survivors' experiences in evacuation camps reveals that gendered social relations and norms, often invisible or incomprehensible to the organizations running the camps, shape these sites into paradoxical spaces. The paper draws from interviews and participatory videos made by urban poor survivors of Typhoon Sendong in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines. Gillian Rose's concept of paradoxical space is used to study women's access to, use of and experiences within official post-disaster spaces. Distinct outcomes for survivors based on gender, ethnic and class differences highlight the failure of official post-disaster spaces to protect survivors from harm and the need for women survivors to adopt conflictual strategies that simultaneously exposed them to harms and resisted ideal survivor subject norms.     

“Silk Road here we come”: Infrastructural myths,post-disaster politics,and the shifting urban geographies of Nepal

In this paper, we explain how China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) drives urban transformation in Nepal reconfiguring geopolitical and geoeconomic relations and remaking the sociopolitical, cultural and material fabric of hitherto peripheral spaces. Given that BRI infrastructures materialize in parallel with Chinese-funded reconstruction projects, we pay attention to the role of post-disaster politics to unravel how ongoing urban transformation does not only affect the present and the future but also people's histories and post-disaster memories by treating places of (re)building as empty of previous life and history. By drawing on 16 months of fieldwork, we show that despite the evident role of the BRI as an agent of urban transformation, the materialization of most BRI projects depends on geopolitical rivalries, negotiations, unstable local coalitions and escalating social contestation. We conclude that in the post-disaster era, BRI projects have become new vehicles towards Naya [new] Nepal, along with many other infrastructural myths that preceded the country's modern history. Nonetheless, the Naya urban Nepal that is emerging from the ruins of the past is contested and uncertain, a far cry from the days of the Panchayat regime and the civil war, when such gargantuan projects were rarely challenged by Nepali people. This is the unique trajectory of Silk Road urbanization in Nepal: an ultimate path to reach a long due rural-to-urban transition that is inextricably linked with decades of infrastructural violence and precarity and strongly shaped by people's struggles against the unequal geographies of BRI-driven urban transformation.     

玉树灾后恢复重建中的主体法律问题

玉树地震灾后恢复重建中涉及到许多法律问题,例如地震后的受灾者、恢复重建者、志愿者等主体的认定以及权利保障问题。明确这些主体地位,是确立灾后恢复重建法律关系中的权利和义务的前提。     

Rethinking architectural heritage conservation in post-disaster context

This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of architectural heritage and its conservation in a post-disaster context by taking into account the interrelationship of form and function. To do this I borrow from the work of Laurajane Smith who argues that heritage is a cultural process linked to activities of remembering and identity formation. This definition requires us to move beyond the idea that heritage is merely tangible and asks us to acknowledge the importance of uses of material culture. Thus, I argue that the relationship between form and function should be central in understanding architectural heritage. The paper examines these issues with particular reference to examples from Banda Aceh post the 2004 Tsunami Disaster and, to do this, borrows some methods from architectural anthropology. The paper argues that the traditional architectural conservation practices, including adaptive reuse, that stress the importance of building forms should be expanded. Thus, the paper offers the idea of adaptive re-form or redesign where function is privileged to the extent that material form may be altered to accommodate the resurrection of traditional uses. This is practically important in post-disaster contexts and Southeast Asian cultural contexts, where materiality is viewed as impermanent.     

湖南省市镇规模等级结构的动态研究

本文应用市镇人口规模分布理论,研究了湖南省城市人口规模分布结构的动态变化及其基本特征。同时构造了2000年湖南省市镇序秩--规模分布模型,并利用logistic函数对预测结果进行了验证。预测表明:2000年南省市镇人口、市镇化水平分别约为2174万和32%,特大城市和大城市将扩大为长沙、衡阳、湘潭、株洲、岳阳和常德六市。据此对2000年湖南省市镇等级体系进行了规划。