桐城《戴氏宗谱》之戴名世史料

戴名世是清代康熙年间名古作家,桐城派的一代宗师,因曾被难于《南山集》案,集被禁毁,史料多散佚,令后之研究扼腕痛惜。新近从桐城民间发现的《戴氏宗谱》,为了解戴名世在桐城戴族的历史地位,戴名世与方苞、张英、姚士藟的关系以及《南山集》案的影响提供了不可多得的献。     

岭南三大家与桐城派

<正>岭南之广东与江南之安徽、江苏相距千里之上。清初,交通尚不发达,舟船缓慢,人马劳顿,迁徙不便。然岭南三大家与桐城派确有交集。第一,三大家核心人物屈大均与桐城方以智、钱澄之同为明末高僧觉浪道盛的弟子,在承传和发展高僧衣钵上,有共同思想基础。第二,三大家屈大均、陈恭尹、梁佩兰与方以智、钱澄之,以及戴名世等桐城派早期作家,都是明末遗民,反清复明的心理情结又自然地相通相惜。第三,屈大均、钱澄之、汪琬、薛熙,以及戴名世、方苞、刘大櫆、姚鼐等桐城     

桐城派与徽州朴学

姚鼐代表的桐城派与戴震代表的徽州朴学,常被视为水火不相容,章太炎称之为文士与经儒之争。但乾嘉时代同属安徽的两个学术重镇之间颇有渊源,两地学者相互影响,保持着密切的关系。方苞与江永有学术上的交往,两人学术志趣极为相近;刘大櫆则融入并深化了徽州青年才俊中盛行的"古文"学风。     

方苞史学思想初探

方苞是桐城派的创始人,其"义法"说不惟裨益于后世文论,亦有助于史学关于史文与史事关系的处理。他重视校勘史籍,考订史实,指出官修之史的不足,主张"事信而言文"的史著编撰原则。方苞认为万物之理难尽,人事之变无穷,人类社会的一切皆处于不断变化和发展之中,人心之所同,即天理之所在。他从"南山集案"中汲取教训,从心理上认同清廷统治,其史学经世亦侧重有资于治世。     

论方苞与康雍时期的理学

论方苞与康雍时期的理学暴鸿昌方苞作为清代桐城派的开创者，在文坛一直享有很高的声誉；同时方苞也是一位理学家，以羽翼圣道的形象而誉洽学界。直到本世纪２０年代，梁启超在《中国近三百年学术史》一书中将方苞斥为“假道学先生”，揭露其伪言饰行的事实，才开始对其有...     

张英与戴名世关系考

作为清代历史上两位有影响的人物,张英与桐城派先驱戴名世之间多样复杂的联系和长期交往关系因《南山集》案的发生而被隐没。戴名世在其仕途发展过程中得到张英及其人脉圈的帮助和支持。张英的先达,为戴名世的发展开拓了空间、创造了有利条件。     

千古文章未尽才——戴名世论

戴名世无疑是桐城派发展史上第一个天才的作家,但他却在千古奇冤的“南山集案”中丧命。关于“南山集案”,史家有种种记载,民间有种种传说,连小说家吴敬梓也将之摄入作品,《儒林外史》中《高青邱集》即《南山集》的代称,作为禁书它简直是灾祸的象征。仅此足见戴名世及其悲剧的巨大影响。然而,多少年来,戴名世的名字似只凝铸在那血迹斑斑的“南山集案”上,而他作为一个文、论并茂的古文作家的形象,却鲜有人论及,甚至在桐城派家族里也难以找到他的位置,这就不免在其命运悲剧之上又横添一重文化悲剧。鉴于此,我则愿以此述评献给有志于了解戴名世的读者诸君。     

桐城派"文气"理论述评

历来文学家、文论家对"气"都多有论述,清桐城派尤甚。本文选"桐城三祖"--方苞、刘大櫆、姚鼐,对他们的"文气"理论作简要评介,以擘肌分理,显其脉络。     

方苞与地方志

清代是我国方志空前发展的时期,其间共撰成各类志书4300余部,并由章学诚等人创建了方志学。然而在清代前期,“桐城派”奠基人物方苞,在履任《大清一统志》总裁时,将治古文与治方志结合起来,提出“统一体例”、“由博返约”、“简明为要”等修志主张,对后期方志学的建立起到了奠基作用。     

《南山集》案与清代士人的心路历程--以戴名世、方苞为例

清人主中原后,针对激烈的反清情绪,对士人采取严密的钳束政策,康熙五十年,戴名世因其《南山集》的锋芒而致大狱,与戴氏有文字交的方苞也因作序而罹罪,虽幸免于死,但精神受到重创,为文风格遂变得迂回盘折。此案前后文风的转变,体现了清初士人由狂悖不驯到敛性皈依的心路历程。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.