Comparisons and the Case for Interaction among Neanderthals and Early Modern Humans in the Levant

There is good reason to believe that both archaic and anatomically modern humans occupied south-west Asia at the same time. On the assumption that this was indeed the case, this paper attempts to draw comparisons between the Neanderthals and their modern contemporaries and to examine the possibilities of interaction between the two.     

民国时期成都平原的押租与押扣——兼与刘克祥先生商榷

成都平原是租佃制度发达的地区,押租制度在此地十分流行,不仅对该区域的农村经济产生了重要的影响,而且其自身的一些特点,也值得深入研究和探讨。通过对一些县级档案资料和土改档案资料的分析研究,可以看到近代成都平原的押租与押扣,并非如有关学者所说的仅仅是加强剥削的手段,它们有着更广泛的内涵,是该地区自然生态和社会生态环境的产物。缴纳押租,佃农不仅获得了土地的佃种权,而且通过押扣的方式使自己交出去的押租金获得了一定的利息。从制度上看,租佃双方的经济关系比清代以前更趋平等。     

地租征收率的再探讨

本篇主要目的是要探讨土地制度史研究中“地租率”这一个老大难问题。过去的研究 ,多是根据土地租约的字面规定去理解 ,以为地主说多少就能收多少似的。近年来学者们通过地主地租簿的研究 ,已经发现地租实收数量与租约规定的租额之间 ,有着一个颇大的差距 ,即地主收租通常只能收到租额的七八成左右 ,而且还在不断下降之中。因此 ,研究地租率 ,应从“实收率”入手。本文就是这样的一个尝试 ,是笔者关于“农民、地主和地租”研究的一个部分。     

加拿大洛矶山天堂家园（下）

地球上很少有这样美丽的地方,几千里连绵不断的雪峰,数不清的冰川和瀑布,在它们中间点缀着无数或奶蓝色或翠绿色的冰湖,森林中草甸里还出没着大量的棕熊、黑熊、驯鹿、糜鹿、山羊、大角羊、草原狼……这就是坐落在加拿大境内的洛矶山(Canadian Rockies)。虽然每年有五百多万游客慕名前来度假游览,虽然这里修建了高速公路和很多酒店,但因为保护措施得当,这片土地依然保留了它本身的面貌,人与自然仍旧可以和谐的共存。     

加拿大洛矶山天堂家园（上）

地球上很少有这样美丽的地方,几千里连绵不断的雪峰,数不清的冰川和瀑布,在它们中间点缀着无数或奶蓝色或翠绿色的冰湖,森林中草甸里还出没着大量的棕熊、黑熊、驯鹿、糜鹿、山羊、大角羊、草原狼……这就是坐落在加拿大境内的洛矶山(Canadian Rockies)。虽然每年有五百多万游客慕名前来度假游览,虽然这里修建了高速公路和很多酒店,但因为保护措施得当,这片土地依然保留了它本身的面貌,人与自然仍旧可以和谐的共存。     

Determinants of Rent from Agricultural Land Around Metropolitan Areas

Three urban determinants of rent from agricultural land around metropolitan areas are incorporated into one rent model. The urban market factor and the transport cost as expressed in the Thünian crop rent equation are discussed in terms of their relevance to metropolitan areas. Then the effects on rent of the urban land market and urban economic change and their relationships with the market factor are examined. Graphic and mathematical expressions of a multideterminant model based on the combined crop system are developed, followed by a discussion on several variations of the model.     

Mortgage Interest Deductions and the Consumption Theory of Land Rent

The internal structure of the city is in part determined by the nature of public institutions, including the manner in which governments tax households. Using the graphical consumption theory of land rent, it is demonstrated that the geography of the city differs between places where deductions are allowed and places where they are not allowed. Changes in mortgage interest payment deductions can offset changes in mortgage interest rates. Without countervailing planning policies, mortgage interest deductions may also provide an impetus for urban decay.
La structure interne de la ville est partiellement déterminée par les institutions publiques, y compris la méthode utilisée par les gouvernements pour déterminer l'impôt sur le revenu. La théorie graphique de la consommation du loyer des terres démontre que la structure interne d'une ville est différente entre les lieux où les paiements d'intérêt d'hypothèque peuvent être déduits du revenu pour atteindre un revenu imposable réduit, et les lieux où telles déductions ne sont pas permises. Les changements du paiement des déductions d'intérêt d'hypothèque peuvent compenser pour les changements de taux d'intérêt d'hypothèque. Sans contrevaloir les prévisions d'organisation, les déductions d'intérêt d'hypothèque peuvent aussi fournir l'élan pour la décadence urbaine.     

Cities of Extremes

Modern cities have always been the locus of both inequality and opportunity. However, neoliberal policies pursued since the 1980s have intensified urban disparities. Cities are increasingly shaped more by the logic of the market than the needs of their inhabitants. This article, which introduces a collection of papers on the topic, examines the implications of the neoliberal turn for the ‘right to the city’ as the fundamental tenet of urban citizenship. While evidence suggests a formidable challenge from market forces to the ‘right to the city’, the authors argue that the neoliberal city remains a highly contested urbanity in which poor inhabitants continue to struggle for citizenship in highly diverse ways. The challenge for scholarship is to discover and document those intricate modes of claim‐making.     

印度读城记

对印度的向往,源于它灿烂的文化、神秘的宗教、多彩的民风和雄伟的建筑,那些来自书本和互联网中的印度印象牵引着我的思绪,成了我魂牵梦萦的天堂。     

Cities and Privatization

Cities across America look for management strategies useful for accomplishing their responsibilities and programs. While some cities include privatization strategies in their management portfolios, others do not, and the underlying reasons are not readily apparent. This study seeks to gain some insight into this disparity through several questions: Why do some cities use more privatization than others? Are privatization levels higher in fiscally healthy or fiscally stressed cities? Where are the cities that use privatization located? This study attributes municipal privatization levels in medium-sized cities, in part, to degree of wealth, fiscal stress, and location. The findings suggest that privatization levels are higher in wealthy, fiscally healthy, suburban cities.     

Cities without politics

Max Neutze, Australian Urban Policy, George Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1978.

Leslie Kilmartin and David C. Thorns, Cities Unlimited: The Sociology of Urban Development in Australia and New Zealand, George Allen and Unwin, Sydney, 1978.     

Cities of Heraclius

Abstract

The Hellenistic and Roman passion for founding, or renaming, Eastern cities in honour of their rulers abated only with the decline of urban life itself under the Byzantines, although it was never entirely forgotten. The last notable example seems to be the tragi-comic career of Tralles (Aydin) as Andronikopolis or Palaiologopolis in 1278–82. But the last emperor to have notably bestowed his (or his family's) name on cities with the old gusto seems to have been Heraclius. It was perhaps part of a recognizable pattern of traits—the complex naming of his sons, the family groups on his coins, the concern for his own title, the quest for the True Cross, and the style of his victory despatch from Nineveh—in which one may glimpse in Heraclius a relentless and self-conscious sense of dynasty and historicity.     

春赏加拿大 无处不飞花

<正>不经意间,冬去春来,春天步姿婀娜地来到我们身边。阳春时节,大洋彼岸,加拿大正慢慢从积雪中苏醒,绿意悄然爬上枝头,早春的各色花朵亭亭玉立。加国的春景向来迷人,各处的春色各有千秋,很难以用一两个词语去笼统概括。辽阔的地域,各异的地貌,造就了缤纷多彩的加拿大之春。