The Transition from Animal Spirits to Animal Electricity: A Neuroscience Paradigm Shift

The Animal Spirits Paradigm had been in place for over a thousand years as a general way of looking at the nervous system, and was completely ingrained into the fabric of scientific thinking. However, the community of researchers in the 17th and 18th centuries abandoned their long-held assumptions, and started anew with the novel assertion that the currency of nervous function was, instead of Animal Spirits, a uniquely-animal electricity. This conceptual rearrangement represented a scientific revolution in thinking, a change in absolute perspective that required the reinterpretation of old data within a completely novel framework. The manner in which this transition occurred followed the general form of scientific paradigm shifts as outlined by Thomas Kuhn (Kuhn, 1962)     

考古遗产的社会价值与产业化利用路径探讨

考古遗产无疑是文化遗产的重要组成部分,而在文化产业的现代化语境下,它也是一种特殊的社会资源。随着大众考古理念的增强以及大众对考古遗产文化需求的不断增长,考古遗产的产业化已成为实现遗产价值、满足人们多样化文化消费需求的重要方式和手段。考古遗产的产业化同时也是使考古遗产得以可持续传承和传播的一种发展途径。考古遗产产业化利用的具体路径有:一是遗产的资源化,即对遗产的文化解读与阐释;二是对遗产本体的文化旅游开发;三是对遗产内涵与符号的创意策划,与演艺产业、影视产业和创意产业等相关产业融合,开发文化产品和服务。     

华侨华人民间文献多重价值初探

论文对华侨华人民间文献的定义、种类、特点、价值等方面做了初步的探讨。认为华侨华人民间文献是中国历史文献的重要组成部分,具有世界性、多样性、分散性和延续性的特点,并具有历史凭证价值、学术研究价值、思想教育价值和文化传承等多重研究和利用价值。目前除了侨批、侨乡族谱、公馆档案等进行了有序的收集整理外,绝大多数的华侨华人民间文献散落在私人或非官方组织手上。对华侨华人民间文献进行系统的收集整理和开发利用十分必要。     

态度与价值:遗产旅游体验模式探析——以苏州平江历史文化街区为例

"遗产资本化"(Heritagization)是遗产被用于实现特定目标的社会进程,是遗产旅游的核心,遗产旅游开发是遗产资本化的当代形式,遗产旅游开发的直接目标即向公众提供真实性的遗产体验。本文结合苏州平江历史文化街区的旅游产品开发案例,根据对社交媒体(Social Media)中旅游博客(Blog)原创文本的内容分析(Content Analysis,CA)和语义网络分析(Semantic Network Analysis,SNA),挖掘旅游者对案例遗产旅游地的个人态度和价值认知情况,进而提出一个由旅游者对遗产的个人态度及其遗产价值认知所构成的遗产旅游体验开发框架,勾勒出文化遗产旅游开发的战略导向。     

游客感知价值对TCM评估游憩价值影响的介入方式比较研究——以湖南张谷英村为例

游憩价值评估是识别旅游资源经济价值的重要手段.TCM作为传统评估方法,其评估结果的准确性受多种因素影响,其中游憩需求的影响因素对评估结果的影响是尚待解决的关键问题.游客感知价值是影响游憩需求的重要因素,考察其对评估结果的影响是提高评估结果精确性的一种有益尝试.本文以TCM的两种基本模型ZTCM和ITCM为基础,探索不同介入方式下感知价值对评估结果的影响机制.研究表明:感知价值作为自变量介入ZTCM模型后使人均消费者剩余下降了7.3%、游憩价值下降了4.4%,大于它作为中介变量介入ITCM模型后对评估结果的影响,说明感知价值主要通过与旅行花费共同作用对价值评估结果产生影响.这不仅揭示了游客感知价值影响的复杂性,更体现了游憩价值评估体系中考虑游憩需求影响因素的必要性.     

A Note on the Shift to a Service-Based Economy and the Consequences for Regional Growth

Using data for the 50 U.S. states we relate industry-specific employment growth rates over the period 1976–1989 to the industrial compositions of the states in 1976. We explore the idea that services and manufacturing are inextricably linked and that this interdependence may be beneficial to manufacturing (through knowledge spillovers, for example). Specifically, we test whether the manufacturing sector grew faster in service-based economies. Our evidence does not support the idea of cross-fertilization from services to manufacturing.     

Single-Family House Values in Metropolitan Halifax, 1981

The overall pattern of home values in metropolitan Halifax has been strongly influenced by the early (mid-nineteenth-century) establishment of a prestige sector in the South End. This sector failed to develop outward due to the barrier of the Northwest Arm, which, paradoxically, was not bridged, since to have done so would have marred the original attraction of the sector. While nearly all ‘exclusive’ housing remains in pockets on or near the Arm, new prestige housing areas have been developed in the suburbs, wherever fine settings and the absence of wartime shacks allow. In particular, the presence of extensive ‘low-value’ tracts south of Armdale has forced most new high-value developments in Halifax to the north mainland. Finally, while public housing has tended only to reinforce the low-value pattern established by 1950, publicly funded land developments, particularly Forest Hills, have created large peripheral areas of below-median value.     

Universal Values and Win-Win Policy

This is a follow-up to the previous note in the spring 1995 issue of the Policy Studies Journal entitled “Win-Win Policy.” Its purpose is to provide further examples regarding the question, “What policy issues are worth providing examples for?”¹     

Language and the Shift from Signs to Practices in Cultural Inquiry

A model of culture as a partially coherent system of signs comprised the most widely employed instrument for analyzing cultural meaning among the new cultural historians. However, the model failed to account for meanings that agents produce by executing social practices rather than by only "reading" contrasts among signs. It also encouraged some analysts to conceive the difference between sign system and concrete practice as that between what is graspable as an intellectual form and what remains inaccessibly material or corporeal. This essay introduces three exemplars of the ties between signs and practices to show how the pragmatics of using signs comprises a structure and a generator of meaning in its own right. In the three exemplars, which are based on the tropes of metonymy, metaphor, and irony, I employ the analytic tools of linguistics to appreciate the non-discursive organization of practice. Analysis of the diverse logics for organizing practice offers promising means for investigating how signs come to seem experientially real for their users. Finally, this view of culture in practice suggests new hypotheses about the possible interdependencies as well as the lack of connection among the elements of a cultural setting.     

Land-Use Allocation in the Absence of Complete Market Values

This paper describes a method of land-allocation that can be used byplanners and other land managers in the face of market failure. The method integrates theland-allocation approach used in geographic information systems with that used in a generalizedassignment problem. Suitability scores, instead of market prices, are used in assigning competingland uses to individual parcels (pixels) of land. The method is illustrated using a hypotheticalexample involving three competing land uses within a region.     

Consensus,Stability and Meaning in Abstract Social Values

The Social Goal Values Inventory comprises 18 abstract principles that represent people's shared understandings of the good society. While measuring consensus, this instrument also assesses differences in how these shared values are prioritised. Responses from two different community samples were compared across a 20-year period to examine the related issues of consensus and stability in Australian values. Data were analysed at the level of individual items, underlying value orientations (security and harmony) and value types (the security oriented, the harmony oriented, dualists, and relativists). Shifts in individual values over time were meaningful in the context of changes in Australian political culture. The overall picture, however, was one of consensus and stability, with no evidence of value commitment waning in favour of relativism. The findings of this paper are used to support the argument that values as stable individual and socially shared phenomena are ideally located for bridging the gap between micro and macro social processes.     

The Life Values of Greek Mythology

The difference between human and animals is that human not only obey the rules of nature and history but also possess subjective attitude and spirit of life, which are presented as life values by reflecting directly on ideology. According to it,Greek mythology pours out its life values based on its subjective attitude and spirit of life.     

European Values and the Asylum Crisis

This article examines the threat to European liberal democratic values posed by the current asylum crisis. Drawing on a historical analysis of European asylum policies, it examines the origins of the post-Second World War refugee regime and the sources of the current challenge to its liberal universalist premises. The argument discerns two dominant forms of critique of the liberal model in twentieth-century debates on refugee policy: welfare protectionist nationalism, and ethno-centric or racist nationalism. Both of these justifications for restricting asylum have resurfaced in contemporary debates, used by—respectively—centre-left and far right parties. Having considered why these arguments have resurfaced, the article suggests three scenarios for future European responses to the asylum crisis and their implications for liberal universalist values. It argues that the liberal approach can only be sustained through more effective EU burden-sharing and the reorientation of EU external policies to incorporate refugee and migration issues.