The History of Knowledge and the Future of Knowledge Societies

The new field of the history of knowledge is often presented as a mere expansion of the history of science. We argue that it has a greater ambition. The re‐definition of the historiographical domain of the history of knowledge urges us to ask new questions about the boundaries, hierarchies, and mutual constitution of different types of knowledge as well as the role and assessment of failure and ignorance in making knowledge. These issues have pertinence in the current climate where expertise is increasingly questioned and authority seems to lose its ground. Illustrated with examples from recent historiography of the sixteenth to twentieth centuries, we indicate some fruitful new avenues for research in the history of knowledge. Taken together, we hope that they will show that the history of knowledge could build the expertise required by the challenges of twenty‐first century knowledge societies, just like the history of science, throughout its development as a discipline in the twentieth century, responded to the demands posed by science and society.     

希罗多德:历史学的开创与异域文明的话语

本文的主旨在于从希腊思想史的角度,阐明希罗多德的突破性成就,并解读其历史书写的特定视角。文章提出,历史学并非自然而然出现的,而是在特定的思想文化背景中产生的。就古代希腊而言,历史学能够从神话史观中独立出来,理性思想方式的确立起了决定性作用。希罗多德发扬赫卡泰俄斯已经表现出来的历史意识,开创了西方历史学。与此同时,通过对异域文明的描述,希罗多德向希腊人展示了一个由希腊人和蛮族人这相互对立的两部分所组成的世界,奠定了影响至今的东西方二分的世界史书写传统。     

当代西方新社会文化史述论

自 2 0世纪七八十年代以来 ,西方的历史学研究正经历着一次“语言转向”或“文化转向” ,出现了新的研究领域和方法 ,这种新的史学研究实践通常被称为“新社会文化史”。本文考察了“新社会文化史”产生的背景 ,其理论基础 ,它对历史学带来了何种冲击和影响 ,并开拓了历史学研究的哪些新领域 ,提出了历史学研究何种新方法。文章也对新社会文化史进行了简要的评论 ,提出我们该如何面对这种新的历史学理论和方法 ,并作出我们的选择。     

The History and the Technological Study of Traditional Tibetan Painting Pigment

1.The History of Traditional Ti-betan PigmentsLike all societies whose origins predate the inven-tion of the written word,many aspects of prehistoricTibet are lost in a blur of mystery.Yet archeologistsare digging into the ruins left by Tibet's earliest hu-man inhabitants to help carve away the lack ofknowledge,just as art historians are examining ancientpaintings left inside Tibetan caves to sketch out thecontours of prehistoric life and art on the Roof of theWorld.     

抗战时期重庆马克思主义史家对古代社会史和思想史的研究

抗日战争进入相持阶段后,随着社会形势的变化,马克思主义史学形成了延安、重庆两个中心,因政治环境、革命任务、个人治学领域等诸多因素的作用,重庆马克思主义史学对古代社会史和思想史的研究显示出明显的偏重。重庆马克思主义史家对中国古代社会史的研究,体现出马克思主义史学上承社会史论战的发展轨迹,从这个意义上说,重庆马克思主义史学更多地体现出与此前中国史学发展的连续性和继承性,而重庆马克思主义史家对思想史的研究则直接缘于社会史研究的成果。     

Crafting Aboriginal Nations in Taiwan: The Presbyterian Church and the Imagination of the Aboriginal National Subject

Abstract

This study argues that since the end of World War II, the Taiwanese Presbyterian Church’s practical institutionalised arrangements for evangelisation have had the unintended consequence of creating an imagined multi-layered aboriginal national Subject. The argument is founded upon analysis of three main points. First, aboriginal members’ daily practices within the three-level federalist church polity formed in their minds an acquired “schema”, a ready-made cognitive structure that could be easily appropriated by them to imagine their own nations in a certain way. Second, when the Church promoted the translation of the Bible and hymns into aboriginal vernaculars for practical evangelising reasons, it unintentionally created tribe-based cultural-linguistic mediums as national languages upon which the contents of aboriginal nations could be elaborated and reproduced. This step further consolidated tribe-based ethnic categorisation and facilitated the reification of aboriginal nations. Third, since aboriginal ministers and elders were institutionally endowed with many strengths in comparison to other aboriginal elites, they came to serve as human activators in formulating and spreading the imagination of the multi-layered aboriginal national Subject.     

《满洲建国溯源史略》的思想史解读

《满洲建国溯源史略》为伪满国务总理郑孝胥所作,是为＂满洲国自古以来乃独立自主国家说＂寻根的＂史学著作＂。《史略》在成书的思想缘由、伪满建国史观的发挥、乃至对伪满＂三千年史＂进行考证的表述中,体现出一定的结构性特征。可以认为,对该书的解读仍具有一定的现实意义。     

史学与政治——美国“共识”史学初探

史学与政治的关系历来备受关注。但人们往往从史学应不应该为政治服务的角度出发看待它们之间的关系,未免有些简单化。事实上,史学与政治的关系涉及了史学理论的诸多问题。本文围绕“共识”史学探讨史学与政治之间的关系,实际上是探讨史学理论中有关主观性的问题。笔者认为,历史学家的研究活动预设了政治前提,其研究的对象也是在政治环境中产生的。因此,史学与政治之间有一种天然的联系。对此,我们应该有一种自觉的认识,才会有利于我们的历史研究。     

The Prophetic and the Limitation of Authority in Modernist Islam

ABSTRACT

The “prophetic”, as a central concept in modernist Islamic political philosophy, has been invoked to show that Islamic political philosophy takes into account the spiritual as well as the material world. However, this expansion of the prophetic had remained relatively silent as to the authority that is granted to experiencing individuals. This essay is a story of these reinterpretations the “prophetic” by three major Muslim thinkers – Muhammad Iqbal (d. 1938), Ali Shari‘ati (d. 1977), and Abdolkarim Soroush (b. 1945). Writing in different periods and trying to respond to different questions, these authors engaged with the question of politics by reference to prophetic experience. I will explain their intellectual context, according to their cosmologies and their notions of language (participation vs. representation). Then, I will see how in different intellectual context, the force of a democratic notion of the prophetic was undermined by different reinterpretations.     

略论文史研究中地方志的利用

地方志对于解决文史研究中的很多问题,诸如政治、经济事件的来龙去脉,历史人物生平活动,文学作品的系年等等,有着极重要的作用.以明代世庙大狱、明中期陕西盐政、明初陕西文学以及王安石文系年等问题为例,说明地方志在文史研究中的价值.