春天真好

正春天在哪里?春天在花园里。花园里,小草绿了,小树长高了,小鸟从南方飞回来了,停在小树上唱歌。春天在哪里?春天在公园里。公园里,粉红的桃花、雪白的梨花、金黄的迎春花都开了,真好看呀!春天在哪里?春天在小河边。河边,春风吹绿了柳树,吹绿了草地,草地上的花儿也都开了。鱼儿在     

试论中国近代社会的发展演进——兼论北洋集团与中国早期现代化

北洋集团在中国早期现代化运动中起到了一定的作用。北洋集团推动了清政府的现代化决策,在推行军事、警政、教育、司法等部门的现代化方面,产生了较大的影响。北洋集团在山东、直隶、东北地区的早期区域现代化建设方面,也做出了较显著的成绩。     

世界屋脊：不断刷新的“共和国之最”

中华人民共和国迎来了60华诞,西藏在祖国温暖的怀抱里,也走过了近60年的光辉历程。曾经鲜为人知的雪域高原,和共和国同呼吸、共命运。在展示自己独特历史文化风貌的同时,在这片土地上奋斗的各族人民,创造了一个又一个人问伟绩,使西藏从黑暗走向了光明、从贫穷走向了富裕、从落后走向了进步。今天的西藏,正沐浴在现代化的阳光里。     

我收藏的两张华中银行币

抗日战争时期,新四军在华中先后建赢了苏中、苏北、苏南、淮北、淮海、淮南、皖江等抗日根据地。在对敌进行军事、政治斗争的同时,还在根据地建立了银行,设立印钞厂,发行货币,开展经济斗争。     

浅谈大众文化对青少年写作的负面影响及对策

在大众文化的冲击下,学生作文写作在语言上突破了传统语法规范、词语超常搭配、句式随意组合、新词语大胆创造,在内容上冲破了学生作文的传统观念,在结构上打破了记叙文、议论文、说明文、应用文各类文体的写作规范。这些都给写作带来了令人担忧的负面影响。因此,我们急需从学校、教师、社会的角度出发,提出有效的对策。     

铜陵博物馆藏青铜人面饰件微探

人面纹饰青铜器的出现有着历史的渊源。人面纹像最早出现在史前时期的岩画中。在北方的宁夏、内蒙古、甘肃、新疆、青海等地广泛分布,宁夏贺兰山有着大量的人面像岩画分布,同时在江苏、广东、广西、福建、台湾等东南沿海也有一定数量的分布。在新石器时代,人面纹饰出现在仰韶文化的彩陶中,如陕西西安出土的半坡人面网纹盆。在安徽淮河流域的蚌埠双墩遗址出土了陶塑人头像。在大汶口、龙山、良渚等文化出土的玉器中出现了不少人面形纹饰。人类社会由新石器时代进入青铜时代,社会生产力有了质的飞跃,中国也进入了高度发达的青铜文明。     

历史的一扇窗——记贵州财经大学票据博物馆

正票据,是凝聚在方寸之间的故事,是一种不可或缺的历史文化。中国的经济社会制度在慢慢变迁,而票据则忠实地反映了那些远去时代的人们与故事。早在先秦以前,中国的信用票据就出现在人们的日常生活里,其后票据历经了唐、宋、元、明、清各个朝代的演化与发展,在中国蜿蜒的历史长河中,由单种类型逐步变成了各式各样、成百上千。它们既在经济发展中功不可没,又成就了一部中国的实物信史。     

1942年英国访华团访华述论

1942年英国派遣议会访华团访华,这在英国议会史上还是首举。这一举动是由太平洋战争爆发后的世界战局以及中国和英国的历史和现实状况促成的。访华团的成员由英国上下两院的议员组成,访华期间拜访和接见了在中国的各界要人,参观了学校、工厂、合作社、新闻传播出版界、医院、卫生院、保育院、军政机构、前线防地、水利工程、煤矿、画展、体育比赛,出席了各种茶会和欢迎宴,游览了名胜,进行了讲演等等。1942年的英国议会访华团访华促进了中英两国人民的相互了解,缓和了中英矛盾,鼓舞了中国军民的反法西斯斗志,在一定程度上改善了两国的关系,对中英两国的团结抗战起到了一定作用。     

淮安运河两岸的民俗风情

京杭大运河在沟通海河、黄河、淮河、长江、钱塘江五大水系的同时,也把黄河文明与长江文明联系在一起。随着人流、物流南上北下,不同地域之间的文化交流与传播也在潜移默化地进行。大运河在便利交通运输的同时,也孕育了运河两岸特有的民情风俗。人们依河而居,以水为生,一代又一代地在运河上劳作、生息,形成了运河沿岸特殊的生产、生活、婚庆、节庆习俗,既反映了运河两岸的生产方式、生活状态,又寄托了对未来的无限希望。大运河水是流动的,往来于运河上的人们也多是四方杂处,民俗风情各异。     

悄然降临的春

正春,伴随着如烟、如雾、如纱的细雨,悄然降临在人间,给大地换上了一件充满朝气的衣服。草儿,在和煦的春风吹拂下,伸了个懒腰,直起了身子,在阳光的照耀下,在春风的哺育下,小草换上了一件嫩绿的衬衫,显得更加顽皮可爱了。     

论忽必烈远征云南的目的

蒙哥即位后,将灭亡南宋的任务交给了忽必烈。由于南宋政府在淮河沿线实行坚壁清野,忽必烈为了解决军粮问题而远征云南。忽必烈平定云南后,对南宋实现了战略包围,但他获取军粮的目的并没有达到。蒙哥对忽必烈产生了怀疑,解除了他的兵权。     

Loyalist Tattoos and Tattooed Generals in the Song Dynasty

According to Yue Fei’s biography, when the legendary general was slandered and interrogated for treason, he tore the shirt off his body, exposing four characters tattooed on his back: “Exhaust one’s loyalty in service of the state.” This study looks at two components of the Yue Fei story—patriotic tattoos, and tattooed generals—and examines their meaning in the broader stretch of Song dynasty history. Yue Fei was not the Song dynasty’s only tattooed general who came to a tragic end. The Northern Song’s Di Qing was a tattooed soldier whose military merit allowed him to rise to the highest levels of power in the empire. Di Qing’s story makes it clear that tattooed generals were objects of suspicion and ridicule at court due to their military tattoos, a trait that linked them to the criminals and lower class men that manned the Song armies. Though military tattoos sometimes had a loyalist ring to them, they were carried out on a mass scale, and were a characteristic of coercion rather than fervent loyalism. This study shows that underneath the nationalist historical narrative of the Song dynasty, of which Yue Fei is a famous example, there lies a different story of social conflict within the Song state. Rather than a story of Chinese fighting non-Chinese and of traitorous and cowardly officials struggling with loyal patriots, this study offers a narrative of a social conflict between high-born clear-skinned officials and low-born tattooed military men.     

‘Transformation in contact’: learning the lessons of modern war

The US and British armies have faced intelligent and adaptive enemies in Iraq and continue to do so in Afghanistan. While both armies have proved adept at fighting high‐intensity conflict, their initial performance against asymmetric threats and diffuse insurgencies in Iraq and Afghanistan demonstrated how much each army had to learn about conducting counterinsurgency operations. This article examines one important means by which the US and British armies have transformed themselves into more flexible and responsive organizations that are able to harness innovation at the front effectively. It traces the development of the lessons‐learned systems in both armies from the start of counterinsurgency operations in Iraq to today. These changes have resulted in significant development within the organization of both armies. Reform of US and British army learning capabilities offers an important insight into the drivers of military change. The reformed lessons‐learned systems have been better integrated into training, experimentation, and doctrine and force development. While there are still challenges to be overcome, both armies have created robust structures that facilitate the movement of knowledge from recent experience at the front to the rest of the organization. As such, these reforms provide us with a useful case‐study that enhances our understanding of the role of ‘bottom‐up’ initiatives in military innovation.     

忽必烈征大理路线新考

史籍对忽必烈远征大理路线的记载均语焉不详,前人对蒙古三路大军进军路线虽有一定研究,但迄无定论。本文充分利用史书、文集、方志及今人调查报告中有关蒙军进军路线的直接记载或间接史料,在前人研究基础上,对蒙古三路大军进军路线依次作了细致考证,从而得出了新的结论。     

The Face of Disobedience: obedience and insubordination in a military environment in the reign of King Charles XII of Sweden 1

In what is generally referred to as Sweden's Age of Greatness (1617–1721), Swedish armies ravaged Europe and Russia. The resulting manoeuvres, battles and sieges have been frequently described by Swedish military historians, yet rarely have the internal relationships within the Swedish armies been a topic of inquiry. This article presents one such analysis, with a focus on the relationship between military commanders and their subordinates in the age of King Charles XII of Sweden (1697–1718). By studying different types of violations of insubordination, my aim has been to identify the various informal rules that determined the nature of the subordinate–superior relationship, with a special focus upon the reasons for insubordination.     

The long‐term effects of explosive munitions on the WWI battlefield surface of Verdun,France

This paper aims to characterise the varying magnitudes of landscape disturbance across the WWI battlefield of Verdun, France. Five study sites were surveyed to best reflect the varying degrees of disturbance under common similar environmental characteristics, e.g. bedrock, soil type and topographic position. Disturbance magnitude was determined by counting and measuring the dimensional attributes of craters in two 0.25 hectare plots at each of the five study sites. Additionally, a survey of microtopography was performed at each of the five study sites to record changes in elevation of damaged sites. The spatial character and variation in the magnitude of disturbance at the five disturbance study sites was linked to four variables: (1) location of armies in relation to the front; (2) stagnation of front lines; (3) topographic location of armies; and (4) geologic characteristics of the site.     

“Bringing Light to our Land… When She was Dark as Night”: Northerners,Freedpeople, and Education during Military Occupation in North Carolina, 1862–1865

When Union armies arrived in eastern North Carolina in 1862, they encountered escaped slaves eager to acquire education. Soon after the armies occupied the region, missionaries and teachers arrived seeking to educate and uplift these former slaves. They brought their own preconceptions of helpless blacks, and a blind confidence in a New England system of education. But they also brought very different ideas of how the educational mission should be accomplished. Disagreements led to conflicts within the benevolent societies, replete with nasty bickering, reprisals for insults, and much uncivil behavior. During wartime occupation, freedpeople utilized their northern benefactors to gain autonomy over their lives and institutions. However, given the often combative nature of the northerners’ relationships with each other, it is remarkable that the freedpeople were able to acquire the educational skills and degree of autonomy that they did.     

民国学人宋代研究的取向及纠结

民国学人对于宋代研究渐趋推重,可是推崇最甚的陈寅恪、傅斯年等人,却很少专论宋代,而以宋为制高点研治整个中国历史文化提出的各项重大问题,如“宋学”渊源、宋代史学和新宋学等,引起各科学人的长期讨论。由此可见,要把握宋史、宋学、宋代史学、宋代思想学术的区别与联系,不宜用分科治学的眼光尤其是区分经史以及史料与史观的观念研究宋代历史及其思想学术文化;应该讲宋学,做汉学,一方面,治宋史必须通宋学,如治国史必须通知本国文化精意,另一方面,将包括义理等在内的一切虚玄思想还原为历史,既有道理,又可目验;应将两宋学术文化作为标高,纵横贯通古今中外的历史文化,有系统而不比附,不以赵宋为断代,方有望达到新宋学的高度,开创中国学术文化的新气象。     

Medieval and Modern C2: Command and Control in the Field during Western Europe’s Long Twelfth Century (1095–1225)

‘Command and control’ has become ever more important in the postmodern military world even though there is no universal consensus among contemporary militaries on what ‘command and control’ encompasses. Military histories, manuals and handbooks of the Anglo-American world concede that classical armies and leaders understood the concepts but dismiss eras like the long twelfth century entirely or present them with a lack of understanding or context. Why is this? This can be partially answered through the following factors: (1) the nature of ancient vs. medieval source material; (2) perceived lack of professionalism in medieval armies; (3) the existence of discrete tactical formations in the ancient world but not medieval; (4) the perceived existence of a professional officer class or political career in the ancient world but not the medieval; and (5) the nature of ancient and medieval authority and strategic, operational and tactical objectives. Twelfth-century commanders exhibited command and control although they faced different challenges compared to their ancient or modern counterparts.     

An analogy of the song of songs and genesis chapters two and three

Song of Songs is the love story of tha ages. It encompasses all the drama known of love, naturally and spiritually. In this writing is presented the controversy that preceded the canonization of the Song of Songs within Judaism and early Christianity. Presented is an overview of the vehicles that have been used in the exegeses of the Song of Songs as well as a discussion of the traditionally held allegorical interpretation of the Song. Within this writing there is also a discussion of the debate that still persists due to the view held by some scholars that the poetry of the Song is a translation of pagan litany when utilizing the Cult Theory. It is the intent of this writing to suggest an analogy between the Song of Songs and the book of Genesis, chapters two and three. In using the tool of analogy this writer discovered that there exists aspects of likeness, as well as that of contrast. The Song becomes, in a sense, a parable in which the allegorical interpretation of the Song is not considered in its traditional sense. Utilizing the Drama Theory, the principle characters in this consideration are the Shulamite woman, the Rustic lover, and the king. There are reflective qualities that exist in the Song of Song to Chapters two and three of Genesis. As noted by Francis Landy, ''The Song is a reflection on the story of the garden of Eden, using the same images of garden and trees…''.