管窥第三次包产到户兴起的历史原因

十一届三中全会以前,在我们党的历史上有过3次包产到户。第一次是1956年,第二次是1959年,第三次是1961和1962年。第三次包产到户规模大、范围广、发展迅速,涉及我国10多个省区,并且还带有初步的理论色彩和有组织、有计划推行的特征。值得注意的是,这些特征从其一兴起就极为明显。那么,第三次包产到户兴起的历史原因是什么呢?本文拟对此作一历史考察。     

第三次包产到户与“四清”运动

60年代的“四清”运动可谓成因复杂。本文试图从第三次包产到户的角度对“四清”运动的起源作一初步的研究。     

包产到户：来自农民的制度创新

包产到户初创农民对合作化的“反抗”,最早是“闹社退社”。大约在1956～1957年,曾有过一个退社风潮,随后被压了下去。那以后农民就转而使用“包产到户”的办法。农民“闹社退社”是想从农业社中退出来,也可以说是“反对”集体所有制;“包产到户”则是在集体经济之内给体制一些“修改”。这是一个     

第二轮志书党委决策与政府施政记述的探讨

首轮修志,曾对党委决策与政府施政进行了深入研究,取得了丰硕成果,各市县志大多设置党委决策与政府施政章节。进入第二轮修志以来,方志理论研究继续深化。本文分析第二轮志书党委决策与政府施政记述存在的问题,从选取事项、记述要素、记述角度、篇目设置等方面进行了探讨。     

第二轮修志怎样记述重大决策和施政纪略

本通过对重大决策和施政纪略四种不同记述方法的分析,认为重大决策主要记述党委对一地经济和社会发展的思路、战略思想及重大举措;施政纪略主要从政府施政的角度,记政府如何施政与施政的结果。     

深圳居民购物行为空间决策因素分析

本文以深圳居民消费行为问卷调查的第一手资料为基础,通过构建购物行为空间决策的分析指标,包括购物决策因子偏好指数、认知度指数、购物因子评价指数等,从不同类型商品和不同商业中心地的购物空间决策角度,分析了深圳居民购物行为空间决策的主要因素及决策过程的主要特点。     

万里:你们搞得不错!——来自“包产到户”发源地的讲述

正中国的改革开放是从农村开始的。从邓小平到习近平,对安徽肥西的"包产到户"作为中国改革开放的发轫之地都给予了充分肯定。而肥西的"包产到户"又是从哪儿开始的呢?具体怎么开始的呢?2018年6月至9月,我们先后三次深入当年农村改革的第一线,走村入户,与亲历者进行面对面的交流,倾听他们在激情改革、思想碰     

张闻天关于"包产到户"的笔记

1962年7月,张闻天在酝酿、写作“集市贸易意见书”的同时,还思考了有关“包产到户”的问题。在经济困难时期,安徽、福建等地农村干部群众,为了解决吃饭问题,渡过难关,保存生命,自发地实行“包产到户”,搞“责任田”。怎样看待“包产到户”,引起党内重大争论。认为这是走资本主义道路的看法成为主流。采取了纠正、强扭的办法,但纠正了一个时期,农民不满的很多,部分地区“包产到户”继续发展,“责任田”反而扩大了。     

功能定位与具体视角:政府决策的哲学分析

决策作为一种预先观念地把握实践成果的特殊认识活动,产生于现实与理想的张力,是决策主体时现实的批判反思与时未来的一种预测。政府决策是决策主体基于行政实践而预先以观念的方式时行政实践成果所作的把握,承担着重要的功能,是一种特殊的行政认识活动,具有丰富的行政哲学蕴义。从行政哲学的角度探讨政府决策的功能定位和具体的分析视角,对于处于复杂决策背景下的现代政府决策者而言,具有非常重要的理论及现实意义。     

邓子恢至死不忘包产到户

1972年秋,农村工作的卓越领导人,曾被错误批判为“小脚女人”和“刮包产到户单干风”的邓子恢,在历经坎坷后,终于在76岁高龄时一病不起,长期躺在北京医院里与死神周旋。一些老战友和老部下,闻讯后纷纷赶往医院看望这位德高望重、屡受冤屈的老人。老人时而昏迷,时而清醒。清醒时思维清晰,常和战友们畅谈往事,其中触及最多的话题是30年代的红军生活和60年代的包产到户。他怎么也忘不了包产到户,总要强忍病痛向人们陈述自己保荐包产到户没有错,并顽强地预言包产到户迟早会实     

A MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF FARM OUTPUT IN SELECTED LAND-REFORM AREAS OF JAMAICA

The claim of many that certain features of Jamaican land reform discourage optimum increases in farm output has been pointed out. To test the argument, seven land-reform features, which meet methodological, theoretical, and practical restrictions, have been examined. An hypothesis derived mainly from agricultural- economic theory about the linear relation between each of the seven features and farm output per acre has been devised. The hypotheses have been tested with a multiple regression analysis of data from six land settlements selected to represent a variety of geographic settings. The hypotheses have been partially upheld, but must be revised in the following form: (1) in many cases, particularly in the early years of production, farm acreage is negatively related to output per acre; (2) in subsistence areas, where great diversity in agriculture is common, greater diversification leads to greater output per acre; (3) in most cases where farmers live an appreciable distance from their holdings (at least 0.3 miles), output per acre is negatively related to the distance; (4) output per acre declines as the age of operator increases, but only if the operator is mainly dependent on his own labour, and only after a relatively advanced age (60 years, perhaps) has been attained; (5) the number of a farmer's dependents does not affect output (gross income per acre); (6) a farmer's non-farm income does not exhibit a negative relation to output per acre, and may be positively related if the outside income can be used to purchase productive farm inputs; (7) in some cases acreage of additional land used is positively related to output per acre on settlement properties. Hopefully, further research will lead to a more rational basis for the formulation of these hypotheses. Using the regression equations, estimates have been made of the changes in output per acre which could have been achieved with feasible changes in relevant factors. Estimates indicate that current farm output could have been greatly increased in some settlements, thus justifying some of the criticism of Jamaican land reform.     

统购统销政策的取消与中国农村改革的深化

中国的改革开放是从农村开始的。在农村改革的第一步即实行以"大包干"为主的家庭联产承包责任制取得一定成效后,必然要求改革农村商品流通体制,变革农村的产业结构,取消实施已久的农产品统购统销制度,建立新型的农村发展体制。目前国内学术界对农村改革起步阶段的研究相当重视,并取得了许多成果,而对农村改革第二阶段的研究则相对薄弱。本文在梳理相关资料基础上,对农村统购统销制度改革中的若干问题进行分析,揭示中国农村改革的曲折性与反复性,展现中国共产党领导中国人民矢志改革的坚定决心、追求国强民富的信心及冷静处理改革中出现的新问题的能力。     

"Housewives' films" and the modern housewife. Experts,users and household modernization: Sweden in the 1950s and 1960s

Between 1952 and 1976, "Housewives' Films" spread the message of modernity to about half a million Swedish housewives across the country. A program with commercials and entertainment depicted the wonders of household technology, modern living and a rational and positive attitude to life. This article analyzes the images of expertise presented in the films and links them to changing configurations of household rationalization in the 20th century. The "path through the laboratory" was presented as essential for making the users trust the experts' products and advice. But science alone did not suffice to create legitimacy. Expertise had to be negotiated. The films show the various ways in which the housewives themselves were enrolled into the work of the laboratory, in order for their expertise to be fully accepted as legitimate.     

明代河南土地丈量综述

有明一代,河南省曾进行了三次土地丈量活动：第一次在明初洪武年间,丈量出的土地数字仅是当时开垦的土地数,不能反映全省实有的土地数量。第二次在明中期嘉靖年间,是在一种错误思想的指导之下进行的,丈量之后又以“符合原额”为宗旨,大量进行了折亩活动,故丈量出的土地数字既不能反映当时河南省的开垦耕种数,也不能反映当时实有的土地数字。第三次是在明中后期万历年间进行的,指导思想明确,法令严格,方法得当,丈量出的土地数字既能反映当时河南省的开垦耕种数,又代表了全省实有的耕地数字。     

The dynamics of family farming in North Huron County, Ontario. Part I. Development trajectories

Recent structural shifts towards enlargement and intensification in the farm sector in Canada have drawn attention to the changing relationship between farming and the rural community. While some developments in farming are implicated in increasing conflict with communities, others may be fostering the need for stronger linkages. A more nuanced understanding of change in both the family farm and community sectors would contribute to a better appreciation of these evolving linkages. This paper explores contemporary change on the farm side, with attention to the nature and causes of diversity in a local family farming system. Data from a survey of family farms in northern Huron County, Ontario, were used to document variations in farm development trajectories and to explore the interactive importance of factors relating to the farm economy, the farm business and the household. The research invokes a pathways conceptualisation and the theory of business and family life cycles in attempting to characterise and attribute change. Revealed trajectories range from aggressive engagement in expansion, diligent efforts to 'hang on' and forced or voluntary contraction. In addition, the paper presents two brief farm history case studies as a means of demonstrating the interaction of farm business and household factors through the lived experience of farm families. Revealed diversity in family farm business trajectories suggests an increasingly differentiated set of linkages and dependencies between farm and community.     

20世纪安徽两次农村改革不同命运解析

在当代中国农村改革的历史进程中,安徽具有特殊的地位和影响,先后于20世纪60年代初和70年代末推行了"责任田"和"大包干"的改革。但是,由于政治背景、群众基础、两代领导人态度的不同,两次改革出现了完全不同的命运,"责任田"试行失败,"大包干"推广成功。     

Agricultural Development and Household Incomes in Central Asia: A Survey of Tajikistan, 2003-2008

Two noted specialists on the agricultural economies of the former Soviet Union examine the effects of land reform on agricultural production and the income of rural house-holds in Tajikistan. The authors utilize official government statistics to discern trends of agricultural output at the national level, and the results of three extensive surveys conducted in 2007-2008 (N > 2,000) and one in 2003 (N = 4,000 respondents) by international organizations (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Asian Development Bank, the U.S. Agency for International Development, World Bank) to identify household-level changes. They also review the legislative framework for agrarian reform in the country; examine national-level trends in farm structure and organization, livestock production, farm productivity, and cropping patterns; and analyze shifts in size of land holdings and rural family incomes at the household level. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: D130, O130, P320, Q150. 11 figures, 10 tables, 42 references.     

Partisanship and the gender gap: support for gender quotas in Australia

The percentage of women elected in the Australian Parliament is comparatively low. This poor track record has generated debate within political parties about the necessity of gender quotas (or targets) to increase women’s representation. Using the 2016 Australian Election Study, this paper proposes to test support for different measures aiming to increasing women’s representation in Australian politics. More specifically, I investigate the role of partisanship in explaining gender differences in support for gender quotas. I find that differences in support for quotas are greater among women, and among men, than between women and men. The paper also demonstrates that the role of political values in explaining differences in support for gender quotas is non-uniform. Indeed, attitudes towards government intervention, minority rights, and gender equality are more crucial in explaining differences in support for legislative quotas among men than among women.     

全国第一个家庭林场与农村经济体制改革

党的十一届三中全会以后,福建省仙游县的农民李金耀创办了全国第一个上规模的家庭林场,尝试开发性农业经营。此举引起社会各界的关注,引发了一场全国性的大争论。通过争论,使人们解放了思想,对社会主义理论的基本内涵有了新的认识,突破了长期以来在社会主义经济建设中的教条主义,促进了人们思想观念的转变。中共中央、国务院根据李金耀和广大农民的伟大创举,调整了农村经济政策,变革了农业经营方式,加速了农村改革进程,使农村改革从种植业开始逐步向林业、水产业、畜牧业等多方面发展,促进了家庭承包经营向农业产业化发展,加速了中国农业的市场化进程。     

20世纪60～90年代爱国卫生运动初探

20世纪60～90年代的爱国卫生运动尽管在"文化大革命"时期不同程度地受到"左"倾思想的干扰,但仍持续发展,特别是党的十一届三中全会以后,随着经济的发展和社会的进步,其内容更加丰富,已成为社会主义现代化建设事业的重要组成部分.爱国卫生运动的历史告诉我们党和国家对爱国卫生运动的重视和领导是我国卫生防疫事业取得不断胜利的根本保证;教育、动员和组织人民群众参加爱国卫生运动是我国独具特色的卫生防疫事业的有效工作方式;爱国卫生运动与其他工作相结合、突击性与经常性相结合、治本与治标相结合是推动卫生防疫事业发展的重要方法.